Mutated β-lactam acylase genes

ABSTRACT

New mutant  beta -lactam acylases are provided exhibiting altered substrate specificities. These  beta -lactam acylases are obtained by expression of a gene encoding said  beta -lactam acylase and having an amino acid sequence which differs at least in one amino acid from the wild-type  beta -lactam acylase.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/731,157 filed May 9, 1991 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,032, issued Oct. 10, 1995, which disclosure is hereby incorporated by reference. Additionally, this application claims the priority of European Patent Application No. 90200962.0 filed in the Netherlands on Apr. 18, 1990.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to mutations of genes encoding acylases, resulting in alterations in the substrate specificity of acylase enzymes. Some of these mutant enzymes exhibit catalytic properties which make them particularly suitable for the deacylation/acylation of β-lactam derivatives. Among those is a preferred group which is designed for a one-step conversion of Cephalosporin C and derivatives to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid and derivatives.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The basic antibiotics of the P-lactam type are principally obtained by fermentation. Fungi of the genus Penicillium and Cephalosporium (Acremonium) are used for the production of raw material for β-lactam antibiotics as Penicillin G, Penicillin V and Cephalosporin C. These fermentation products, also referred to as PenG, PenV and CefC, respectively, are the starting materials for nearly all currently marketed penicillins and cephalosporins. The side-chains of these compounds, phenylacetyl, phenoxyacetyl and aminoadipyl, respectively, are removed by cleavage of an amide linkage (deacylation), resulting in 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) in case of the two penicillin molecules and 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) in case of the cephalosporin. The particular enzymes which accomplish these conversions are referred to herein as "acylases" or "amidases". These denominations as used in this specification have the same meaning.

Also, the conversion of Cephalosporin G to 7-amino 3-deacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) is mentioned. However, Cephalosporin G (CefG) is not a fermentation product but is usually produced chemically from Penicillin G. The basic structures of the various penicillins and cephalosporins discussed above are shown in FIG. 1.

Synthetic manipulation to produce the various penicillins and cephalosporins of choice basically starts from 6-APA, 7-ACA and 7-ADCA, respectively.

The conversion of Penicillin G and Penicillin V to 6-APA may be performed both chemically and enzymatically. The classical way is the chemical cleavage, but enzymatic processes are preferred nowadays (for review, see Lowe 1!). Costs and environmental considerations are arguments in favour of an enzymatic process.

The cleavage of the CefC side-chain to 7-ACA is usually carried out chemically, according to the so-called imino-halide process. However, this process has serious disadvantages, since it is complex, requiring inter alia multiple steps, extremely low temperatures and expensive reagents.

The conversion of β-lactam intermediates to the desired semi-synthetic antibiotics may also be performed chemically and enzymatically, the enzymatic route being basically preferred if a suitable enzyme is available. Penicillin acylases are such enzymes in a number of cases. The enzymatic conversion takes advantage of the fact that any enzymatic reaction is reversible, if the correct conditions are applied (Abbott B. J. 2!).

Various types of microorganisms have been proposed in the literature as acylase producing strains useful for the deacylation of β-lactam derivatives obtained by fermentation and/or the acylation of 6-APA and 7-ACA to semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics of choice. Examples of such acylase producing microorganisms are certain strains of the species Escherichia coli, Kluyvera citrophila, Proteus rettgeri, Pseudomonas sp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus sphaericus, and Arthrobacter viscosus.

According to the literature several types of acylases may be envisaged, based on their molecular structure and substrate specificity (Vandamme E. J. 3!).

Type-I acylases are specific for Penicillin V. These enzymes are composed of four identical subunits, each having a molecular weight of 35 kDa. A complete nucleotide sequence of the cloned gene from Bacillus sphaericus has been reported (Ollson A. 4!).

Type-II acylases all share a common molecular structure: these enzymes are heterodimers composed of a small subunit (α; 20-25 kDa) and a large subunit (β; 60-65 kDa). With respect to the substrate specificity, Type-II acylases may be further divided into two groups:

Type-IIA acylases are very specific for Penicillin G. In general, they are not so much specific for the moiety adjacent to the nitrogen atom of the amide group (this might be a cephem group, a penem group, an amino acid, etc.), but the substrate specificity resides in the acyl moiety of the substrate. This acyl moiety must be very hydrophobic and is preferably benzyl or (short) alkyl. Examples of substrates which are not hydrolyzed by Type-IIA acylases are those with dicarboxylic acids as acyl moiety: succinyl, glutaryl, adipyl and also aminoadipyl, the side-chain of CefC. Examples of Type-IIA acylases are the enzymes from Escherichia coli, Kluyvera citrophila, Proteus rettgeri and Alcaligenes faecalis. Type-IIB acylases have been reported to be capable of hydrolyzing cephalosporins (including the desacetoxy-derivative) with succinyl, glutaryl and adipyl as an acyl moiety and even in one case CefC to a very limited degree (Shibuya Y. 5!; Matsuda A. 6!). So far these acylases have only been found in Pseudomonas species, and in certain strains of Bacillus megaterium and Arthrobacter viscosus.

The literature relates mainly to penicillin acylases. The synthetic potential of penicillin acylases, however, is limited due to the specificity of the enzyme. In more recent years also publications relating to Cephalosporin C acylases have appeared, but the activity of the reported enzymes was relatively low. No commercial enzymatic process for the conversion of Cephalosporin C to 7-ACA is available up to now, despite intensive efforts to find a suitable enzyme (cf. Walton R. B. 7!).

There is, therefore, a substantial interest in developing acylase enzymes which are highly efficient in deacylation/acylation reactions to produce desired chemical entities. Of particular interest are the enzymatic deacylation of β-lactams and especially PenG, PenV and CefC, and derivatives thereof, to 6-APA and 7-ACA and derivatives, respectively, and the acylation of the latter compounds to produce semi-synthetic pencillins and cephalosporins of interest. It is of major importance in this connection to dispose of an efficient acylase enzyme which is capable of catalyzing the conversion of CefC (and derivatives) to 7-ACA (and derivatives).

The invention aims to provide such efficient enzymes.

RELEVANT PRIOR ART

Mahajan 8! gives a review of various penicillin acylases and distinguishes PenG and PenV specific acylases.

European Patent Application EP-A-0283218 discloses an enzymatic one step conversion of CefC and derivatives to 7-ACA and derivatives, using an enzyme derived from Arthrobacter viscosus strain ATCC 53594.

EP-A-0322032 discloses the same enzymatic one step conversion, using an enzyme derived from Bacillus megaterium strain ATCC 53667.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,774,179 discloses basically the same conversion, using Pseudomonas sp. SE-83 or SE-495, or material obtained from these microorganisms by subjecting them to chemical and/or physical treatment.

As already stated before, the low activities of these enzymes stands in the way of a commercial use up till now.

The use of recombinant DNA methods has enabled an increase of the production levels of commercially used penicillin acylases (Mayer 9!) and has enlarged the insight into the processing of these enzymes (Schumacher 10!). The penicillin acylase of E. coli was found to be produced as a large precursor protein, which was further processed into the periplasmic mature protein constituting a small (a) and a large (β) subunit. Cloning and sequencing of the Kluyvera citrophila acylase gene has revealed a close homology with the E. coli acylase gene (Barbero 11!). Also for Proteus rettgeri penicillin G acylase a small and a large subunit has been described (Daumy 12!).

Williams 33! describes substrate specificity modifications of the PenG acylase of E. coli ATCC 9637 occurring in a natural variant. The method was based on replacement subcloning of regions in the wild-type gene with equivalent regions of the gene of a natural mutant.

Forney 34, 35! describes the selection of amidases with novel substrate specificities from penicillin amidase of E. coli and the alteration of catalytic efficiency of such a penicillin amidase (of E. coli ATCC 11105) by propagation of a recombinant plasmidin a E. coli strain with a high mutation frequency. D-(-)-α-aminophenylacetyl-(L)-leucine was used as a substrate analog of ampicillin and cephalexin. It was found possible to alter the substrate specificity of penicillin amidase and obtain enzymes that, at low pH, hydrolyze amides with α-aminophenylacetyl moieties more rapidly.

These publications neither teach nor suggest the instant invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to mutations of acylase genes, some of which result in alterations in the substrate specificity of acylase enzymes. Mutations are created at specific nucleotides of the acylase genes, and, in various specific embodiments, the mutant enzymes show altered biochemical properties, which may result in, but are not limited to, increased specificity towards the deacylation of certain β-lactam antibiotics.

In a preferred embodiment new mutant enzymes are provided which are particularly suitable for a one-step conversion of CefC and derivatives to 7-ACA and derivatives.

In another preferred embodiment new mutant enzymes are provided which are particularly suitable for the acylation of 6-APA and 7-A(D)CA, resulting in the production of desired penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives.

In an embodiment of the invention genes encoding known Type-IIA or Type-IIB acylases, for example PenG acylases from Escherichia coli, Kluyvera citrophila, Alcaligenes faecalis or any other organism producing such enzymes, and glutaryl-Cef acylases from Pseudomonas SE-83 AcyII, Pseudomonas SY-77 or any other organism producing such enzymes, are mutated in such a way that the enzymes obtain an altered specifity for their substrates.

These and other embodiments will hereinafter be outlined in further detail.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG 1A-1B: reaction schemes of certain β-lactam conversions. Reaction 1 is the deacylation of PenG resulting in 6-APA and phenylacetic acid. Reaction 2 reflects the deacylation of PenV resulting in 6-APA and phenoxyacetic acid. Reaction 3 is the deacylation of CefC into 7-ACA and (β-)aminoadipic acid. Reaction 4 reflects the deacylation of CefG into 7-ADCA and phenylacetic acid.

FIG. 2: restriction map of plasmid pUNNI.

FIG. 3: restriction map of plasmid pUNNEC harboring the E. coli ATCC 11105 penicillin acylase gene.

FIG. 4: restriction map of the 6.4 kb insert of plasmid pAF1.

FIG. 5A-5F: nucleotide sequence (SEQ. ID NO:3) and derived amino acid sequence (SEQ. ID NO:4) of the penicillin acylase gene of Alcaligenes faecalis. Amino acids are indicated in the 1-letter code.

FIG. 6: insert of pUNNGL7 harboring the Pseudomonas SY-77 glutaryl-Cef acylase gene.

FIG. 7: restriction map of plasmid pUCGL7A: plasmid pUC18 harboring the glutaryl-Cef acylase gene of Pseudomonas SY-77.

FIG. 8: restriction map of plasmid pTZSE5-1: plasmid pTZ18R harboring the Pseudomonas SE-83 AcyII gene.

FIG. 9: map of plasmid pMcTNde: a derivative of the mutagenesis expression plasmid pMa/c 5-8 with a NdeI insertion position under control of the TAC promoter.

FIG. 10: map of plasmid pMcTGL7ANde, with the SY-77 glutaryl-Cef acylase gene inserted into the NdeI site (harboring the start codon) of plasmid pMcTNde.

FIG. 11: map of plasmid pMcTSE5Nde: plasmid pMcTNde with the SE-83 AcyII gene inserted in the NdeI site.

FIG. 12: map of plasmid pMcTAFNde: plasmid pMcTNde with the A. faecalis penicillin acylase gene inserted in the NdeI site.

FIG. 13A-13D: nucleotide sequence (SEQ. ID NO:4) and derived amino acid sequence (SEQ. ID NO:2) of the complete Pseudomonas SY-77 glutaryl-Cef acylase gene.

FIG. 14A-14E: alignment of Type-II acylases from E. coli (e.col) (SEQ. ID NO:5), Kluvvera citrophila (K.cit) (SEQ. ID NO:7), Alcaligenes faecalis (a.fae) (SEQ. ID NO:4), Pseudomonas SE-83 AcyII (AcyII) (SEQ. ID NO:7) and Pseudomonas SY-77 (SY-77). An asterix denotes that the sequence contains the same amino acid at that position as the sequence from the E. coli acylase.

FIG. 15A-15B: region selection in the Alcaligenes faecalis α-subunit.

FIG. 16A-16D: region selection in the Alcaligenes faecalis β-subunit.

FIG. 17A-17B: amino acid residue selection in the SY-77 α-subunit.

FIG. 18A-18D: amino acid residue selection in the SY-77 β-subunit.

FIG. 19: conversion of adipyl serine by glutaryl acylase SY-77 wild-type and mutant V62L. Enzymes were dosed in such a way that the same activity on glutaryl 7-ACA was obtained.

FIG. 20: conversion of adipyl serine by glutaryl acylase SY-77 wild-type and mutants Y178H and V179G. Enzymes were dosed in such a way that the same activity on glutaryl 7-ACA was obtained.

FIG. 21: conversion of adipyl serine by glutaryl acylase SY-77 wild-type and mutants Y178H and L177I+Y178H. Enzymes were dosed in such a way that the same activity on glutaryl 7-ACA was obtained.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention uses protein engineering as a tool to develop acylases with an altered substrate specificity. The invention is based on the finding that the genes encoding various (known) acylases show a significant degree of homology at certain regions. A comparative analysis was made which has indicated that certain mutations may alter the biochemical properties of the acylases. According to the method which will be outlined below a number of potential mutation sites will become apparent.

It has been observed that the tertiary structures in homologous proteins are much more conserved in evolution than the primary structures and considerably more than the DNA-sequences. This is for example illustrated by the globin-family (Dickerson 13!). The globin fold is encoded by many different amino acid sequences, some differing from others in as many as 86% (130 out of 150 residues). Nevertheless, their closely similar conformation support the current assumption that they diverged from a common evolutionary ancestor.

When organisms divert in the course of the evolution, their genes will gradually accumulate mutations to produce proteins with quite different amino acid sequences. The more they divert, the less the sequence homology. The frequency of mutations is high at sites which are irrelevant for folding, stability or catalytic properties. Usually, these sites occur at positions in the polypeptide chain where the side chain is on the surface. Only at reversed turns, there is a tendency for residues to have one of the short polar side chains, or to be glycine or proline, the residues most freqently found at this position. Interior residues are changed less frequently and the non-polar nature of -the side chain is conserved fairly well. Since mutation during evolution is a random process, there will be also substitutions that affect functional properties. Only when these substitutions do not cause a disadvantage to the organism, they will be tolerated. As a consequence, variation of these amino acids is much less. Usually, residues directly involved in catalysis are found to be highly conserved. Insertions and deletions tend to occur in surface loops between secondary structure units, with little perturbation of the interior. Usually, in the diverged molecules, elements of secondary structure are arranged in a similar three dimensional topology.

The sequence homology found among the Type-II acylases, as well as the similarity in the molecular architecture of these molecules suggest that Type-IIA and Type-IIB acylases evolved from a single ancestral gene. Also the typical maturation process suggests a common origin. The comparison of sequences of proteins which diverged from a common ancestor can reveal those residues that are involved directly in the functional properties of the enzyme.

In an embodiment of the invention genes encoding known Type-IIA or Type-IIB acylases, for example PenG acylases from Escherichia coli, Kluyvera citrophila, Alcaligenes faecalis or any other organisms producing such enzymes, and glutaryl-Cef acylases from Pseudomonas SE-83 AcyII, Pseudomonas SY-77 or any other organisms producing such enzymes, are mutated in such a way that the enzymes obtain an altered specificity for their substrates.

The alteration of the substrate specificity of PenG acylases (Type-IIA) is achieved in such a way that the mutant enzymes are able to cleave or synthesize penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives possessing side-chains other than phenylacetyl, which is the natural side-chain of Penicillin G. Examples of side-chains which are presently not significantly affected by PenG acylases are acyl groups derived from the dicarboxylic acids succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid and aminoadipic acid (the latter being the natural side-chain of CefC).

In another embodiment of the invention the alteration of the substrate specificity of Cef acylases (Type-IIB) is performed in such a way that the mutant enzymes cleave or synthesize penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives possessing side-chains other than the glutaric acid moiety. Examples of suitable side-chains which may be cleaved or synthesized by such new mutant enzymes are those which are presently not substantially affected by Cef acylases such as the moieties derived from adipic acid and aminoadipic acid (which is the natural side-chain of Cephalosporin C), hydrophobic side-chains such as the moiety derived from phenylacetic acid, the natural side-chain of Penicillin G, and alkyl side-chains.

In still another aspect the alteration of the specificity and activity of acylases (Type-IIA and IIB) is performed for side-chains which are already existing substrates for the said acylases. Using protein engineering the affinity for a substrate may be altered (e.g. increased, expressed by a lower K_(m) for said substrate) or the catalytic turnover may be altered (e.g. increased, expressed by a higher k_(cat) for said substrate).

In order to achieve alterations in the enzyme molecule, it is of course highly desirable to avail of the 3D structure of said enzyme. Sofar, no high-resolution, 3D-structures of acylases have been published. However, several genes encoding acylases have been sequenced, viz. the genes from E. coli and Kluyvera citrophila (both Type-IIA) and Pseudomonas SE-83 AcyII (Type-IIB) and this has gained insight into the biological processing of these enzymes. Amino and carboxy terminal sequencing of the isolated subunits revealed that the gene encodes a precursor protein consisting of a signal sequence followed by the α-subunit, a connecting peptide (spacer) and finally the β-subunit.

According to an embodiment of the invention protein engineering of the acylases is carried out following two strategies, depending on the availability of a 3D-structure of the selected acylases. The procedure for determining a 3D-structure is known in the art.

In the absence of a 3D-structure substantially the following strategy is followed:

First, a number of selected acylase genes are cloned into a suitable expression host organism. Preferred microorganisms include E. coli, Bacillus, Pseudomonas. Then, the DNA-sequence of each cloned acylase is determined. The DNA-sequences are translated into the corresponding amino acid sequences and these amino acid sequences are then aligned in such a way as to obtain a homology which is as high and relevant as possible. For sequence alignment the types of amino acids may be suitably used as parameters, based on identity but also on similarity. For example, serine is similar to threonine, aspartic acid is similar to glutamic acid, etc. Further suitable parameters are, for example, secondary structure predictions (according to several "standard" procedures, e.g. Chou Fassman), and charge distribution over the sequences. In a is further step, regions are selected for mutation.

The randomly generated mutants are selected by allowing only those mutants to grow which are capable of cleaving a specific substrate. These substrates usually comprise an amide derivative containing as an acyl moiety the side-chain for which the specificity of the said acylase is desired, and as an amine moiety an L-amino acid which is indispensible for growth of the expression host. Therefore, only those hosts, expressing an acylase with the desired substrate specifity, are able to cleave the said amide compound, thereby liberating the essential amino acid. For example, D-α-aminoadipyl L-leucine (hereinafter referred to as aminoadipyl leucine, which compound is in the D-form) can be used as the amide compound to select for a CefC acylase using leucine auxotrophic expression organisms. Another example of an amine moiety is ammonia, which may serve as the sole nitrogen source for the expression host.

The "positive" mutant acylases which reveal the desired substrate specificity, on the basis of the selection procedure used, are then purified and tested. The sites of mutagenesis are identified by sequencing the gene of the mutant acylases. Examples of such mutants are the mutants V62L, Y178H, V179G of SY-77 acylase. Other mutations (including amino acid replacements, deletions and insertions) may also be performed at or around these sites in order to further increase the activity of the mutant acylase. Thus, it will be understood that any combinations of the above-mentioned mutations are included within the present invention. An example of such combination is the mutant L177I/Y178H of SY-77 acylase.

When a 3D-structure of an acylase is available, the first (four) steps of the above procedure still need to be done, but the selection may be based on the 3D-structure. Two approaches may be envisaged:

a) A rational approach, in which one or a few amino acids are mutated into other amino acids. This does not create a large amount of mutants and therefore, all mutants can be handled with respect to purification and testing for their substrate specificity. From the three-dimensional structure one or more amino acids in the active site may be selected in order to be mutated in such a way that the desired side-chain can be accomodated optimally in the active site. For example, accomodating the aminoadipyl side-chain of CefC into a PenG acylase, requires that the binding pocket is first of all enlarged in order to fit in the longer alkyl chain, and secondly that it is supplied with the proper electrostatic environment to bind the amino and/or carboxy group of the aminoadipyl side-chain. As another example, the introduction of the proper electrostatic environment in order to accomodate the positively charged amino group of the side-chain of CefC may change the specificity of a glutaryl-Cef acylase (which already shows some activity with aminoadipyl Cephalosporin) to a CefC acylase.

b) a "targeted random mutagenesis (TRM) approach". Despite the 3D-structure it may be difficult to make predictions. If it is possible to assess that a few amino acids are involved in substrate binding, a targeted random mutagenesis is advantageously performed followed by a selection test as indicated above. This approach yields for example 8000 possible mutants when a set of 3 sites is mutated randomly (with respect to the amino acids, 20*20*20; on DNA level--where the mutants have to be made - this is as many as (4*4*4)³ =262,000 possible mutants|).

In a further aspect of the invention it was found that the acylase enzyme from Alcalipenes faecalis showed a surprising high degree of homology with the acylases from E. coli and Kluyvera citrophila. The acylase encoding gene from Alcaligenes faecalis was isolated and sequenced and compared with the genes of the two other species. It appeared that a common feature of the sequences is that the genes encode a large polypeptide precursor which may be composed as is depicted in Table 1. The question marks relating to Alcaligenes faecalis indicate only that the end of the sequences could not yet be determined unambiguously.

                  TABLE 1     ______________________________________     Number of amino acids per acylase peptide                   signal  α- connecting                                           β-     Acylase from  seq.    subunit  peptide                                           subunit     ______________________________________     Escherichia coli                   26      209        54       557     Kluyvera citrophila                   26      209        54       555     Alcaligenes faecalis                   26      210    (?) 29   (?) 551     Pseudomonas SE-83 AcyII                    0      239    (?) ?        535     Pseudomonas SY-77                   28      169    (?) ?        521     ______________________________________

In another aspect of the invention it was found that α- and β-subunit of the acylase from Pseudomonas SY-77 depicted regions with a high sequence homology both with Type-IIA acylases and the Type-IIB SE-83 AcyII acylase. The acylase encoding gene of Pseudomonas SY-77 was isolated and the complete sequence of the gene was obtained. For both Pseudomonas acylases there is no evidence for a connecting peptide between α- and β-subunit. The SY-77 enzyme appeared to have a signal peptide whereas N-terminal sequencing of the SE-83 AcyII showed that the mature α-subunit commenced just after the initiating methionine (Matsuda A. 6!).

The kinetics of Type-II acylases are consistent with catalysis proceeding via an acyl-enzyme intermediate (Mahajan 8!. ##STR1##

In the first step of the mechanism, the substrate PenG binds to the enzyme to form the non-covalent Michaelis-Menten complex e:PenG. In the subsequent step, the covalent intermediate is formed between the enzyme and the acyl moiety of the substrate (e-PhAc=acylated enzyme; PhAc=phenylacetic acid) with the concomitant release of the first product 6-APA. Deacylation occurs with the aid of a water molecule thereby liberating the second product PhAc and regenerating the enzyme. This mechanism is also in accordance with the observations that PhAc acts as a competitive inhibitor and 6-APA as a non-competitive one.

The above mechanism, which is identical to the one postulated for the serine proteases, together with the finding that phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF, a potent inhibitor of serine proteases) inhibits the enzyme (Mahajan 8!), suggests that these enzymes are also serine hydrolases containing a catalytic triad consisting of a serine, histidine and aspartic acid. Such a catalytic triad is not only found in the serine proteases of the trypsin- and subtilisin family, but was recently also discovered in two, structurally different, triacylglycerol lipases (Blow D. 14!; Winkler F. K. 15!; Brady L. 16!) from human pancreas and the fungus Rhizomucor miehei. Based on the sequence alignment Ser765 of Alcaligenes faecalis acylase is most likely the active site serine. Based on this finding further mutants are provided with altered activity.

In a further aspect of the present invention, the genes coding for the acylases from Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas SY-77 and Pseudomonas SE-83 AcyII, respectively, were cloned into the expression host organism E. coli.

The DNA sequences of the acylases from E. coli, Kluyvera citrophila, Pseudomonas SE-83 AcyII and the partial DNA sequence for Pseudomonas SE-77 were taken from the literature. The DNA sequence for the acylase from Alcaligenes faecalis was determined as well as the remainder of the DNA sequence of the Pseudomonas SE-77.

The alignment of the five amino acid sequences revealed a close homology between the PenG acylases (>45%), whereas the homology between the PenG acylases and the glutaryl-Cef acylases was lower (25-35%) while also the homology between the glutaryl-Cef acylases was of that same order. Yet regions of high homology between all five sequences could be detected which points to a possible similar 3D-structure (already supported by the heterodimeric structure).

Regions of particular interest to mutate are the α- and β- subunits of the acylase.

It is to be understood that all amino acids, as used in this specification, are in the L-form, unless otherwise stated. The term "aminoadipyl" is used to indicate the D-α-aminoadipyl moiety.

Mutant β-lactam acylases may also be cloned and expressed in a β-lactam producing microorganism. This would have the advantage that the deacylated β-lactam intermediate can be recovered directly from the fermentation broth. Cephalosporium and Penicillium strains are preferred hosts for this application of mutant β-lactam acylases.

The following Examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cloning and Detection of Acylase Genes

General cloning techniques were performed as described by Maniatis 17!, Ausubel 18! and Perbal 19!. These handbooks describe in detail the protocols for construction and propagation of rDNA molecules, the procedures for making gene libraries and the protocols for mutating DNA in a site-directed or random fashion. Enzymes used for DNA manipulations were purchased from commercial suppliers and used according to their instructions. Plasmids and E. coli cloning hosts were obtained from public culture collections.

Construction of Plasmid pUNN1

Plasmid pUNN1 was constructed as follows: Plasmid pUB110 (S. aureus) was cut with SnaBI and TaaI and the fragment carrying the neomycin resistance gene was cloned into SmaI, AccI digested pUC19 resulting in pPNeo. The small EcoRI-ScaI fragment of pPNeo was exchanged for the small EcoRI-ScaII fragment of pUC18 resulting in pPNeoII. Then the small Pst-Pst fragment of pPNeoII was cloned into the single PstI site of pUN121 (Nilsson 20!). After KinI, XbaI digestion, nuclease S1 treatment and ligation, plasmid PUNNI was recovered. This plasmid can be used as a positive selection vector (Nilsson, ibid.) and has the advantage over common cloning vectors that it does not contain a β-lactamase gene, which may destroy β-lactam antibiotics.

Enzyme Assays

Acylase activity was assayed by a spectrophotometric method based on the detection of primary amino groups with the fluorophor fluorescamine (S. Underfriend et al. 32!). For the detection of 7-ACA the method was adapted by Reyes et al. 21!.

In order to determine enzymatic activity the enzyme was incubated with substrate at room temperature. The composition of the reaction mixture was: 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.5, 1.2 mM substrate, 1.0 mM P-lactamase inhibitor 6-bromo-penicillanic acid and enzyme. The reaction was stopped by adding 0.5 N HCl. Slow reactions were assayed immediately without prior stopping the reaction with HCl. From the reaction mixture 100 microliters were taken and mixed with 800 μl 0.2 M sodium acetate buffer pH 4.5 and 100 μl of fluorescamine which was prepared in AR acetone (1 mg/ml). When the substrate contained an amino acid instead of 7-ACA, the sodium acetate buffer was replaced by 0.2 M sodium phosphate pH 7.5. After 15 minutes the absorption at 378 nm was determined with an Uvicon 860 spectrophotometer and corrected for the appropriate blancs. Through a calibration curve the absorption at 378 nm can be related to the number of free amino groups released by hydrolysis of the substrate.

Mutagenesis of Acylase Genes

Site-directed mutagenesis of cloned DNA fragments was carried out as described by Stanssens 22! with the aid of the phasmid pMa/c system. Suitable gapped duplex molecules of acylase genes were constructed. With specific mismatch oligonucleotides site directed mutations were introduced. Expression of acylase genes was obtained in E. coli WK6 either from the homologous expression signals or from the E. coli lac, tac or trp promoter (De Boer 23!). Gapped duplex molecules were annealed with "spiked" oligonucleotides to obtain a region-targeted random mutagenesis (Hermes 24!. These "spiked" oligonucleotides were prepared by including traces of all 4 nucleotides during the synthesis of oligonucleotides on an Applied Biosystems DNA synthesizer. Alternatively, random mutagenesis of the gapped DNA was performed enzymatically with a method modified from Leethovaara 25!. By the choice of the gap the region to be mutagenised enzymatically was selected.

In another type of experiments targeted random mutagenesis was performed. This comprises the inclusion of all four bases at the codon for a specific amino acid during the synthesis of the oligonucleotide. In doing so, a mutagenic oligonucleotide which can mutate any amino acid is all other possible amino acids can be synthesized. A single amino acid position or a combination of several positions can be mutagenized in that way. Alternatively, random mutagenesis based on the PCR technology can be used 36!.

Selective Media

Selective media for phenylacetyl leucine ("fal") were prepared as described by Garcia 26!. Minimal plates are as follows: M63 minimal agar, 2 g/l glucose, 1 mg/l thiamine, 10 mg/l proline and the appropriate antibiotic (50 μg/ml chloramphenicol (cap) or 25 μg/ml ampicillin (amp)). For selections on side-chain specificity (e.g adipyl or aminoadipyl) of acylases, 100 μg/l of the corresponding acyl leucine was included into minimal plates. Transformants or mutants of E. coli HB101 (Leu) growing exclusively in the presence of the acyl leucine are considered to harbor an acylase gene with the desired specificity. Instead of leucine the amino acid moiety of the selective substrate was varied. In such case a suitable auxotrophic mutant of E. coli was used for selection. For example, selection on the substrate N-adipyl serine was carried out with E. coli strain PC2051 as a host (obtained from Phabagen, Utrecht, the Netherlands). Phenylacetyl leucine, aminoadipyl leucine, glutaryl leucine, adipyl alanine and adipyl serine were purchased from LGSS, Transferbureau Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

Phenylacetyl amide was added to a final concentration of 15 mM to minimal M63 medium supplemented with 0.2% of either succinate, glycerol or glucose as carbon source, and thiamine (1 μg/ml)₁ proline (10 μg/ml), and the appropriate antibiotic. All salts in the basal medium were replaced by the corresponding salts containing either Na⁺ or K⁺ ions in order to ensure selective growth on the amide (Daumy 12!). Amides with the desired side-chains were purchased from commercial suppliers or prepared according to standard techniques. E. coli strains JM101, WK6, HB101, PC2051 and PC1243 were used as hosts to select for mutant genes with specificity for the selective amides.

Isolation Procedure Wild-type and Mutant Glutaryl Acylases

Cells were harvested by centrifugation and resuspended in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4 containing 140 mM NaCl. The cells were disrupted through sonification (6×20 sec, 100 W, 100 mm bar, Labsonic 1510; after every 20 seconds the cells were cooled on ice for 30 seconds). Subsequently, the suspension was centrifugated. The sonification procedure was repeated with the resuspended pellet and finally the cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Supernatants were pooled and ammonium sulphate was added upto a 30% saturation. After 30 minutes stirring precipitated material was removed by centrifugation. The ammonium sulphate concentration of the supernatant was increased to 60% saturation and after 30 minutes the precipitate was collected by centrifugation. The pellet was dissolved in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.5 and extensively dialyzed against the same buffer.

EXAMPLE 1 Cloning of an E. coli Penicillin Acylase Gene

From the published restriction map and sequence of E. coli ATCC 11105 penicillin acylase gene (Sang-Jin 27!) it was concluded that the HindIII-SmaI fragment of 2.9 kb comprises the acylase gene ("pac"). Chromosomal DNA was digested with HindIII and SmaI and fractionated on a 0.5% agarose gel. Fractions from 2 to 4 kb were purified with Geneclean (BI0101, La Jolla, Calif.) and hybridized with the following oligonucleotide DNA probe (SEQ. ID NO:8:

    TCGTACATTTTCAGCTGATCTTCATAGTGCTTATC

derived from the sequence of E. coli pac.

The positively hybridizing fraction was then ligated into vector pUNN1 and transformed into E. coli HB101. Filter hybridization of 2000 transformants with the above-mentioned oligo probe resulted in the identification of plasmid pUNNEC1. The structure is shown in FIG. 3.

Colonies carrying pUNNEC1 were grown on HI-agar plates for 24 hours at 30° C. Then the plates were overlayered with 5 ml nutrient broth topagar containing Penicillin G (5 mg/ml) and 0.5 ml of an overnight culture of Serratia marcescens ATCC 27117 and incubated for another 24 hours. Penicillin acylase activity of the transformants can be seen from the inhibition zone around the colony, which results from a high sensitivity of Serratia marcescens for 6-APA (Meevootisom 28!).

EXAMPLE 2 Cloning of an Alcaligenes faecalis Penicillin Acylase Gene

Chromosomal DNA of Alcaligenes faecalis strain ATCC 19018 (=NCTC415) was isolated and partially digested with Sau3A. Fractions ranging from 4 kb to 7 kb were purified and ligated into vector pACY184, which was digested with BamHI. DNA was transformed into E. coli HB101 and plated onto fal-plates (see methods). Two positive clones, pAF1 and pAF2, could be identified. These clones were also tested with positive result in the Serratia marcescens overlay technique. The 6.4 kb insert of the pAF1 plasmid is shown in FIG. 4.

The localization of the gene was determined with the aid of an oligonucleotide designed on the NH₂ terminal sequence of the β-subunit of A. faecalis penicillin acylase. The amino acid sequence (SEQ. ID NO:9)reads:

    S-N-L-W-S-T/R-(C)-P-E-(C)-V

The following oligonucleotide (SEQ ID NO:10) was used as a hybridization probe on the pAF1 insert:

    AGC AAC CTG TGG AGC A/C C/G C TGC CCG GAG TGC GT

From the position of the hybriding signal on the restriction map the orientation of the A. faecalis pac gene was determined (FIG. 4). The 3.9 kb Sau3A-NdeI subclone of the 6.4 kb insert, was shown to give penicillin acylase activity, whereas the 3.1 kb Sau3A-Sph1 fragment was inactive (FIG. 4). The DNA sequence of the 3.9 kb insert was determined by dedeoxy sequencing of suitable fragments in pTZ18R and pTZ19R (Pharmacia). The encoding DNA sequence and the derived amino acid sequence for A. faecalis penicillin acylase are shown in FIG. 5.

EXAMPLE 3 Cloning of a Pseudomonas Glutaryl-cephalosporin acylase gene (A)

Pseudomonas SY-77 produces an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing glutaryl amidocephalosporanic acid into 7-ACA and glutaric acid. The gene encoding this enzyme was cloned (Matsuda 29!). DNA extracted from Pseudomonas SY-77 was digested with HDAI and SmaI and cloned into SmaI linearized vector pUNN1 in strain HB101. Transformants were selected on neomycin plates and hybridized with a probe derived from the DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:11) (Matsuda 29!, ibid.):

    ATG CTG AGA GTT CTG CAC CGG GCG GCG TCC GCC TTG

The hybridizing plasmid pUNNGL-7 was shown to harbor the acylase encoding fragment of Pseudomonas SY-77 by restriction mapping (FIG. 6). This plasmid was purified and partially digested with BamHI and SalI. Fragments of 2.6 kb were purified from agarose gel (Geneclean) and ligated into BamHI, SalI linearized pUC18 (Pharmacia). The resulting plasmid i5 was characterized as shown in FIG. 7. Colonies were grown in LBC medium and analyzed for acylase activity (see Methods). It was shown that plasmid pUCGL-7A produces 5 Units/g cell pellet.

The same EmHI-SalI fragment was also cloned into plasmid pTZ19R (Pharmacia) resulting in plasmid pTZ19GL-7A. The total DNA sequence of the 2.6 kb BamHI-SalI fragment was determined (see FIG. 13A-13D) and the complete amino acid sequence of SY-77 acylase was derived. The first 311 residues (out of the total of 850) are identical to the published partial sequence of SY-77 acylase (Matsuda 29!, ibid.).

EXAMPLE 4 Cloning of a Pseudomonas Glutaryl-cephalosporin acylase gene (B)

Pseudomonas SE-83 produces an acylase capable of hydrolyzing glutaryl amidocephalosporanic acid and cephalosporin C into 7-ACA and glutaric acid. A gene encoding the responsible enzyme was cloned from the chromosomal DNA of Pseudomonas SE-83 (AcyII in Matsuda 30!). From these data it was decided to clone a 6.0 kb =II fragment of Pseudomonas SE-83 into BclI linearized pUN121 (Nilsson 20!). Resulting transformants in JM101 were hybridized with an oligonucleotide (SEQ ID NO:12) derived from the DNA sequence of AcyII (Matsuda 30!, ibid.):

    GG CCG ATG CTC CTC GCC CCA GCC GCG CCC GGT CAG GTT CTG CGT CGC GAC GGA

A positive clone, pUNSE-5, was isolated. A 2.3 kb SacI-SmaI fragment of plasmid pUNSE-5 was purified and subcloned into vector pTZ18 to give pTZ18SE5-1 (FIG. 8).

EXAMPLE 5 Homology Comparison of Type-II Acylases

In FIG. 14 the amino acid sequence of the precursor form of various acylases are aligned, with respect to the sequence of the acylase of Escherichia coli.

The acylases originating from Escherichia coli (E.col), Kluvvera citroihila (K.cit) and Alcaligenes faecalis (A.fae) are Type-IIA acylases (PenG acylase), whereas the acylases from Pseudomonas (SE-83 and SY-77) are the Type-IIB acylases (glutaryl-Cef acylase).

Also indicated in FIG. 14A-14E are the positions where the leader, α-subunit, connecting peptide and β-subunit are starting. These positions were deduced from the peptide-sequencing data summarized in Table 2. Where no peptide sequencing data were available, positions were deduced from the corresponding positions in E. coli.

                                      TABLE 2     __________________________________________________________________________     Peptide sequencing data of α- and β-subunits     of Type-II acylases     α-subunit                       β-subunit     Enzyme         N-terminus       C-terminus       N-terminus       Ref.     __________________________________________________________________________     E. col         H.sub.2 N-EQSSS (SEQ ID NO: 13)                          QTA-COOH (SEQ ID NO: 14)                                           H.sub.2 N-SNM (SEQ ID NO:                                                             10!     E. col         H.sub.2 N-EQSSSEI (SEQ ID NO: 16)                          NQQNSQTA-COOH (SEQ ID NO: 17)                                           H.sub.2 N-SNMVIG (SEQ ID NO:                                                             31!     K. cit         H.sub.2 N-ASPPTEVK (SEQ ID NO: 19)                          TOTA-COOH (SEQ ID NO: 20)                                           H.sub.2 N-SNMWVIGK (SEQ ID NO:                                                             11!     A. fae         H.sub.2 N-Q?Q?VEVM?T (SEQ ID NO: 22)                          not determined   H.sub.2 N-SNLWST?PE?V (SEQ ID NO:                                           23)     SE-83         H.sub.2 N-TMAAKT (SEQ ID NO: 24) . . .                          not determined   H.sub.2 N-SNNWA (SEQ ID NO: 25) . .                                           .                  8!     SY-77         H.sub.2 N-EPTSTPQA (SEQ ID NO: 26) . . .                          not determined   H.sub.2 N-SNS?AVA (SEQ ID NO: 27) .                                           . .               29!     __________________________________________________________________________

The homologies between the amino acid sequences were calculated for the (putative) α-subunits and the β-subunits (Tables 3 and 4, respectively).

                  TABLE 3     ______________________________________     Homology matrix of the α-subunits of Type-II acylases     1.            2.        3.         4.     ______________________________________     Type-IIA     1. E. col            100     2. K. cit            83     (89)    100     3. A. fae            47     (60)    46   (61) 100     Type-IIB     4. SE-83            26     (38)    26   (45) 32    (42) 100     5. SY-77            30     (40)    29   (42) 28    (38) 25   (32)     ______________________________________

                  TABLE 4     ______________________________________     Homology matrix of the β-subunits of Type-II acylases     1.            2.        3.         4.     ______________________________________     Type-IIA     1. E. col            100     2. K. cit            86     (91)    100     3. A. fae            41     (56)    41   (55) 100     Type-IIB     4. SE-83            22     (35)    23   (36) 27    (34) 100     5. SY-77            26     (35)    27   (39) 22    (32) 28   (36)     ______________________________________      The values in parentheses denote the homology based on similar residues      whereas the values in front of the brackets are for identical residues.

It can be seen from Tables 3 and 4 that there is a high degree of homology within the Type-IIA acylases ranging from 46-83% for the α-subunits to 41-86% for the β-subunits. This becomes even higher if similarity between residues (e.g. Ser/Thr, Asp/Glu, Arg/Lys etc.) is taken into account. This high degree of homology suggests that the 3D-structure of the three PenG acylases will be very similar.

The homology between Type-IIA and Type-IIB acylases is lower (22-30%). Again these values become higher if the similarity between amino acids is taken into account (35-45%). Therefore, the Type-IIB acylases appear to be structurally related to the Type-IIA acylases. The homology is not equally distributed over the amino acid sequences, but certain areas of high homology do occur.

The determination of the sequences of the Alcaligenes faecalis and Pseudomonas SY-77 acylases makes it possible to identify residues which may be directly involved in catalysis.

The observation that Type-II acylases are inhibited by PMSF suggests strongly that an activated serine is involved in catalysis. Activated serines have been observed in serine proteases, and in lipases. They are always found together with a histidine and an aspartic acid, forming a catalytic triad.

The alignment of the sequences in FIG. 14 shows only 3 conserved serines: Ser174, Ser266 and Ser765 (A. faecalis numbering).

Ser174 is located in the α-subunit in a rather well conserved region within the Type-IIA acylases which, however, is poorly conserved in the Type-IIB acylases (FIG. 14A-14E). Taking also into account the experimental observation that the PMSF-sensitive amino acid is located on the β-subunit (Daumy 12!), Ser174 is unlikely to be the active site serine.

Ser266 is located at the N-terminus of the β-subunit and most likely conserved because it is essential for the maturation of the enzyme. It is therefore also an unlikely candidate to be the active site serine.

Ser765 is located on the β-subunit (confirming the experimental result that the PMSF-sensitive amino acid is located at the β-subunit) and therefore very likely the active site serine. The consensus sequence around this serine is

    . . . -Gly-XXX-Ser- . . .

The glycine preceding the serine is common to all serine hydrolases (Blow 14!).

Two different histidines are conserved throughout the five sequences (FIG. 14A-14E): His42 and His777. They both are in a region which is highly conserved in all sequences. His777, however, is rather close to the postulated active site serine at position 765 and therefore an unlikely candidate. On the contrary, His42 is in a region of high homology. Assuming that this His42 is the active site histidine, being localized on the α-subunit, is also in accordance with the experimental observations that only the heterodimer is the active form of the enzym (i.e. the serine on the β- and the histidine on the α-subunit).

With respect to the third residue of the proposed catalytic triad, there are three candidates found in the β-subunit: Asp448, Asp590, Asp780 and one in the α-subunit: Asp36. The latter is contained at the start of a highly conserved region, yet close to the proposed active site His42. Similarly, the Asp780 is contained in a highly conserved region, but close to the proposed active Ser765. Asp448 and Asp590 are both in a moderately conserved region and therefore both are likely candidates to be the active site aspartic acid.

EXAMPLE 6 Selection of Residues for Mutagenesis based on Type-IIA acylases

In this Example the amino acid residues are selected which may be mutated in order to obtain acylases with altered biochemical properties. These altered properties may result in an alteration of the substrate specificity of Type-II acylases towards the acylation and/or deacylation of certain β-lactam antibiotics.

The criteria for the selection are outlined while at the same time reference is made to FIGS. 15A-15B and FIGS. 16A-16B which contain all selected positions. For reasons of simplicity, the residues given are those for the Type-IIA acylase from Alcaligenes faecalis. The corresponding residues in the other acylases may be found using the aligned sequence data from FIG. 14.

The selection of the regions for mutagenesis was based on the following criteria:

1) In order to change the substrate specificity of the Type-II acylases, the mutations were restricted to the mature α- and β-subunits. This means residues 27-236 (α-subunit) and 266-816 (β-subunit), resulting in a total of 210 and 551 residues, respectively.

2) The amino acids of the PenG-acylases (Type-IIA) which are binding the hydrophobic phenylacetyl side-chain of PenG will be conserved in the Type-IIA acylases and, due to the different substrate specificities, probably not in the Type-IIB acylases. Therefore, from the α- and β-subunits those residues are preferably selected which, in the alignment of FIG. 14A-14E, are identical or similar in the Type-IIA acylases from E. coli, Kluyvera citrophila and Alcaligenes faecalis.

A position is said to contain a similar amino acid residue when the residues found at that position belong to one of the following groups:

a) Hydrophobic residues--This group includes the amino acids isoleucine, valine, leucine, cysteine, methionine, alanine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine.

b) Small, non-bulky residues with a high Propensity to be in a flexible segment--This group includes alanine, glycine, serine, threonine, proline, valine and cysteine.

c) Polar or charged residues--This group includes serine, threonine, histidine, glutamine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine and lysine.

The number of positions to be considered for matagenesis in the α-subunit is restricted by these selection criteria to 169 (80%) and in the β-subunit to 416 (75%). In FIGS. 15a and 15b these selected residues are summarized in the columns with heading 1. The numbers refer to the positions of the respective amino acids in the sequence of the Alcaligenes faecalis acylase as given in FIG. 14A-14E.

3) A preferred group is selected based on the assumption that, since the interactions between the PenG-acylase and the side chain of PenG are supposed to be highly hydrophobic in nature, only those conserved and similar amino acids may be selected which are not charged. This means omission of any selected position that contains at least one charged residue in a conserved or similar set as defined above for group c. This selection criterion further restricts the number of preferred amino acid positions in the α-subunit to 119 (57%) and the β-subunit to 304 (55%). FIGS. 15A-15B and FIGS. 16A-16D summarize these residues in the columns with the heading 2.

4) A further preferred group is selected based on the observation that conserved glycine and proline residues usually fulfill a structural role in a protein rather than a catalytic one. Leaving out the conserved Gly's and Pro's from the selected set of amino acids, results in a more preferred group consisting of 102 amino acids in the α-subunit (49%) and 258 in the β-subunit (47%)--FIGS. 15A-15B and FIGS. 16A-16D summarize this group under heading 3. This set of amino acids consists therefore of conserved and similar residues with the exception of the charged amino acids, conserved glycines and conserved prolines.

5) A still more preferred group of selected amino acids is obtained on the assumption that it is also less probable that polar amino acids such as glutamine, asparigine, threonine, serine and others are involved in the binding of the hydrophobic substrate. Using this further selection criterion 74 amino acids in the α-subunit (35%) and 162 in the β-subunit (29%). FIGS. 15A-15B and 16A-16D summarize these under the heading 4. This set of amino acids consists only of identical and similar hydrophobic amino acids as they are defined above under a) in paragraph 2.

6) Yet a further selection of amino acids to be mutated or capable of being mutated is made on the assumption that the binding site of the Type-IIA acylases is composed of identical hydrophobic amino acids. This reduces the number of selected amino acids further to a final set of 44 conserved, hydrophobic amino acids in the α-subunit (being 21% of the total number of amino acids in the α-subunit) and of 81 conserved, hydrophobic amino acids in the β-subunit (15% of the total in the β-subunit). Columns 5 in FIGS. 15A-15B and FIGS. 16A-16D show this selected set of amino acids.

EXAMPLE 7 Selection of Residues for Mutagenesis Based on Differences in Polarity Between Type-IIA and Type-IIB Acylases

Type-IIB acylases are specific for substrates containing dicarboxylic acids as the acyl moiety, such as succinic, glutaric and adipic acid. This suggests that the binding site is much more polar as compared with the Type-IIA acylases. It might even contain a positive charge to compensate for the negative charge on the substrate side acyl moiety. These features are expected to be conserved among the enzymes revealing this substrate specificity. Therefore, the Type-IIA and Type-IIb acylase sequences were compared in order to find regions which are conserved in both the Type-IIA and the Type-IIB acylase sequences but which have changed polarity in order to obtain a more favorable binding of the negatively charged acyl moiety.

The criteria for the selection are outlined while at the same time reference is made to FIGS. 17A-17B which contain all selected positions. The residues given are those for the Type-IIB acylase SY-77. The corresponding residues in the other acylases can be found using the aligned sequence data from FIG. 14A-14E.

Identification of regions which are conserved in type IIB acylase was performed according to a similar procedure as described in Example 6 for the Type-IIA acylases:

1) Mutations were restricted to the mature α- and β-subunits. This means residues 30-198 (α-subunit) and 199-720 (β-subunit).

2) Select those positions in Type-IIB acylases which contain identical or similar amino acid residues according to the grouping in Example 6. The selected residues are summarized in FIGS. 17A-17B in the columns with heading 1.

3) The further selection is based on the assumption that the interactions between the PenG-acylases (Type-IIA acylases) and the side chain of PenG are highly hydrophobic in nature while for the glutaryl acylase a more polar binding site is assumed which may even harbor positively charged residues. Therefore all positions in the alignment of FIG. 14A-14E which show charge in both the Type-IIA and the Type-IIB acylases were omitted. Only in situations where Type-IIA acylase show an Asp or a Glu while Type-IIB acylases show unambiguously much less negatively charged residues, the position is maintained. Application of this selection further restricts the number of preferred amino acid positions. FIGS. 17A-17B summarize these residues in the columns with the heading 2.

4) A further selection was made by leaving out the conserved Gly's and Pro's from the selected set of amino acids as discussed before in Example 6. See FIGS. 15A-15B and FIGS 16A-16D for a summary of this set of amino acids under heading 3.

5) A further narrowing of the selected amino acids may be obtained by supposing that in Type-IIB glutaryl-Cef acylase it is less likely that hydrophobic amino acids involved in the binding of the negatively charged glutaryl side chain. Therefore positions within the Type-IIB acylases which contain identical or similar hydrofobic residues were omitted from the collection which has remained after step 4. FIGS. 17A-17B summarize the results under the heading 4.

6) The set of residues which has remained contains mainly polar or charged residues. Yet a further selection of amino acids to be mutated or capable of being mutated may be made by assuming that positions which show polar residues in Type-IIA and Type-IIB are likely surface residues not necessarily involved in substrate binding. Therefore these residues were omitted in step 5 in FIGS. 17A-17B.

7) In step 7 those positions were selected which accommodate residues that unlike residues at the corresponding position in Type-IIA acylases may fit in electrostatically with a negatively charged glutaryl side chain. In particular sites which are hydrophobic in Type-IIA and positively charged in Type-IIB acylases were selected for mutagenesis.

EXAMPLE 8 Construction of an Expression/mutagenesis Vector System for Acylase Genes

For the purpose of mutagenesis plasmid pTZ19GL-7A was grown in single stranded DNA form according to the supplier. The following oligonucleotide (SEQ ID NO:28) was used to introduce a NdeI site (CATATG) at the ATG start codon:

    CAG AAC TCT CAG CAT ATG TTT CCC CTC TCA

To enable efficient site-directed and region-directed mutagenesis the NdeI-HindIII fragment of the resulting mutant was subcloned into pMcTNde, a derivative of plasmid pMc-5 (Stanssens 22!). Plasmid pMcTNde was derived from pMc5-8 (EP-A-0351029) by insertion of a fragment encoding the TAC promoter followed by a RBS site and a NdeI cloning site (FIG. 9).

In a similar way plasmid pTZSE5-1 was mutagenised with the following oligonucleotide:

    AGG TCC AGA CAG CAT ATG ACG ATG GCG

to create a NdeI site at the position of the start codon of the acylase gene. The NdeI-SmaI fragment of the resulting mutant was also transferred into plasmid pMcTNde which was cleaved with NdeI and SmaI. The resulting plasmids pMcTGL7ANde (FIG. 10) and pMcTSE5Nde (FIG. 11) direct the synthesis of SY-77 and SE-83 glutaryl-Cef acylase activity, respectively, under the guidance of the strong inducible TAC promoter (De Boer 23!).

Expression levels in E. coli WK6 in LBC medium are 2.2 and 12.3 Units/g cell pellet, respectively.

The sequence of the complete acylase encoding region of plasmid pMcTGL7ANde was determined. The result is shown in FIG. 12.

EXAMPLE 9 Mutagenesis of SY-77 Acylase

Plasmid pMaTNdeGL7A was digested with NdeI and NcoI. A gapped duplex with single stranded pMcTNdeGL7A was made and enzymatic mutagenesis on the single stranded gap was performed as described (Methods). The resulting mutant library was transformed into E. coli WK6 MutS and subsequently transformed into E. coli HB101 and selected on aminoadipyl leucine containing minimal plates suplemented with 50 μg/ml cap. Those colonies that were able to grow on these plates and not on minimal plates (because these were leucine revertants) were tested for enzymatic activity on Cephalosporin C. For region directed mutagenesis, spiked oligo's covering various portions of the α-subunit of the acylase gene were incorporated in the same manner as in the site directed mutagenesis protocol (Stanssens 22!).

The following oligonucleotides were used with 2% contamination included during synthesis. Each of the oligo's was designed to harbor a silent mutation allowing the discrimination of wild-type and mutant plasmids based on the occurence or disappearance of a restriction enzyme recognition site. The residues of SY-77 acylase covered by the respective oligonucleotides is given in parenthesis.

    AB2237 (residue 50-80)             (SEQ ID NO:30)         GCCCTGGCT GCGCGCCTGG GCCCAGCCAT AGCCGTAGAA GGCTGAGGGC        GCGTCTACGC CGTAGATGTG CGGGACGCCG TAGCCGTCCC ACAG     AB2233 (residue 81-109)            (SEQ ID NO:31)               CCA GACGGTCGTC TGTTCGTAAT CCGGTCCCCA GTATTCGGCC        CCCTTGCCCC GCGCTTCTCC ATACAGGCGC AGGATATTGT C     AB2234 (residue 109-136)           (SEQ ID NO:32)           GAATGCG TCGAGGTTGG CGCGGAAATC AGGCGACTGC TGCGCATACC        ACTGCTGAGC GCGCTCCGGC ACGCCGTTGG TCAGCAG     AB2235 (residue 137-164)           (SEQ ID NO:33)                 G GCGCCGGAAA CCGGCAGCAC CTGCCGCACG TCGGGCGAGA        TGTCGTCGGG GTTCTGCTGC GCATAGGCGT TGATGCCCGC TGC     AB2236 (residue 165-192)           (SEQ ID NO:34)             CGGCG GGTCGCCCTC GCCCAGGGTG CGCCCGGGCG ACGCGACATA        GAGGAAGTTC ATCAGGCGGT GGGCGTGGGC CACCACGTC

For each oligonucleotide a mutant library of >10⁵ independent colonies in E. coli WK6 muts was constructed. These libraries were transformed into E. coli PC2051 for selection on adipyl serine and into E. coli HB101 for selection on aminoadipyl leucine. Colonies selected for growth during 10 days at 30° C. were subsequently tested for reversion to prototrophy and for linkage of growth capability and the presence of plasmid.

The following mutants with good growth capability on adipyl serine were selected:

    ______________________________________                Mutation             Mutation     Spiked oligo                (DNA)                (Amino acid)     ______________________________________     AB 2237    GTA --> CTA              V62L     AB 2236    TAT --> CAT              Y178H                GTC --> GGC              V179G                CTC --> ATC              L1771                TAT --> CAT              Y178H     ______________________________________

These mutant plasmids were used as starting material for a next round of mutagenesis using spiked oligo's of the α-subunit with a subsequent selection on aminoadipyl leucine (library construction in E. coli HB101).

Since the residues 177, 178 and 179 were identified as crucial for the substrate specificity of SY-77 acylase an approach of targeted random mutagenesis can be applied. For this purpose the following mixed oligonucleotide (SEQ ID NO:35) for Targetted Random Mutagenesis on residues 176, 177, 178, 179 and 180 was synthesized:

                              187                               GCC CAG GGT GCG GCC GGG CGA NNN NNN NNN                                       168                                                    NNN NNN GTT CAT CAG GCG                               GTG GGC GTG GGC

The same strategy can be applied to the region 60-64 with the following oligo (SEQ. ID. NO. 36):

     71     ATA GCC GTA GAA GGC TGA GGG NNN NNN NNN                                                           53                          NNN NNN GAT GTG CGG GAC GCC GTA GCC

Mutant libraries of 10⁶ mutants were generated with the above-mentioned oligonucleotides in E. coli HB101 and selected on aminoadipyl leucine plates.

Targeted random mutagenesis was also performed on the same gapped duplex molecule using the following oligo (SEQ ID NO:37):

    GCT GCG CGC CTG NNN NNN GCC NNN GCC NNN GAA NNN TGA GGG CGC GTC

This results in a substitution of amino acid positions 67, 69, 71, 73 and 74 of SY-77 acylase into all possible 20 amino acids. A mutant library of 10⁷ mutants was generated and selected on aminoadipyl leucine plates.

A similar approach as described above for the α-subunit was applied on selected regions of the SY-77 acylase β-subunit. Based on the sequence comparison and selection criteria as described above the following regions were selected for spiked oligo mutagenesis with the following oligo-nucleotides, respectively:

    AB2399 (residue 253-277)           (SEQ ID NO: 38)        ATAGTTGGTG GCCCCCACCA TGCCGTTAAC GGTATTGGTG ATGCCCATCC        GCTGGTTGAA GGCGAAGCGG ATGAC     AB2400 (residue 375-399)           (SEQ ID NO: 39)            CTCGGC CCGTTTGGGC GCCACGCCGT TGAAGCTGTA GTTGATGGTA        CCTTCGCGGT CGGCGTAGAC GATGTTGAA     AB2401 (residue 415-442)           (SEQ ID NO: 40)             ATTGG AATTCTGCAC GAAGCCGCCC GGCGGATTGG TGACGCGCGG        CAGATCGTCC AGCGGGTGTG TCTCGGTCCA CAGGTAACG     AB2402 (residue 505-529)           (SEQ ID NO: 41)            CAGCAG GCGCGCCGCC GCCTGGACCT CGGGATCGGG ATCGATCAGG        GCGGCCGGGA TCAGGTCCGG CAAGGTGCG     AB2403 (residue 668-695)           (SEQ ID NO: 42)              GTCG GCGCGCGACA CGCGTTCGAT CTGATCGCTG TAGTGCGTCG        TGCCCGGGTG GCGAGAGTTG CCGTAGCTCA TCAGGCCATA

With these oligo's mutant libraries for specific regions of the β-subunit were generated and selected on adipyl serine or aminoadipyl leucine.

Oligo AB2403 encompasses the region around Ser674 which is identified on the basis of sequence comparison with among other A. faecalis Pen-acylase and SY-77 acylase as a candidate for the catalytic serine residue. Mutations around this region are expected to be close to the catalytic site which enhanced the possibility of a change in substrate specificity.

EXAMPLE 10 SY-77 Acylase Mutants with Increased Specificity for Adipyl Serine

Mutants were transformed into a serine auxotroph of E. coli and selected by their ability to grow on a minimal medium which contained adipyl serine as a sole source of carbon. Cells which contained wild-type SY-77 glutaryl acylase did only grow very poorly on such a medium. No significant colonies were observed within 14 days. Colonies which developed within 14 days were selected from the plates and it was verified that they did not grow when adipyl serine was omitted from the plates. Next plasmid DNA was isolated from the selected colonies and transformed to native E. coli cells. It was checked that transformant cells still did grow on the selective medium containing adipyl serine. The following mutants were obtained: V62L, Y178H, V179G and L177I+Y178H.

Wild-type SY-77 glutaryl acylase and mutant SY-77 glutaryl acylases were assayed with glutaryl 7-ACA, glutaryl leucine and adipyl serine as substrates. Hydrolysis of the substrates was followed by measuring the release of 7-ACA, leucine or serine with fluorescamine at 378 nm. In the activity assays with glutaryl leucine and adipyl serine the mutants and the wild-type enzyme were dosed according to their activity on glutaryl 7-ACA. FIGS. 19-21 show the rate of hydrolysis with adipyl serine for the given mutants. The hydrolysis was followed in time by measuring the increase in absorption at 378 nm upon reaction of fluorescamine with the released serine. The mutants showed a 3 to 5 times higher activity on adipyl serine than the wild-type SY-77 glutaryl acylase. Since the wild-type grows very slowly when adipyl serine is the sole carbon source, it can be concluded that the SY-77 acylase mutants disclosed have a higher specificity on this substrate.

For glutaryl leucine the same assay procedure was followed as for adipyl serine in order to compare activity of mutants and wild-type. Glutaryl leucine is a suitable substrate to check whether mutations affect the specificity for the acyl side chain or for the complementary side, such as the β-lactam moiety or the amino acid. If mutations affect the specificity for the acyl side chain then the activity of wild-type and mutant glutaryl acylase are likely to show the same tendency for substrates such as glutaryl 7-ACA and glutaryl leucine. Because in the assays enzymes are dosed according to their glutaryl 7-ACA activity this implicates that activities on glutaryl leucine should be very similar for mutants and wild-type. Indeed within the error of the measurement all mutants coincide with wild-type activity which indicates that the mutations affect the specificity for the acyl side chain, more specifically increase the specificity for the adipyl moiety.

EXAMPLE 11 Mutagenesis of Pseudomonas SE-83 Acylase

Region-directed and targeted random mutagenesis of pMcTSE5Nde was performed after creation of a gapped duplex molecule with the enzyme EcoRI. A "spiked" oligo covering amino acid positions 30 to 58 of SE-83 was used.

Targeted random (TRM) mutagenesis was carried out with the following oligonucleotide (SEQ ID NO:43):

    AAG GCG GCTG NNN NNN GAC NNN GCC NNN CGC NNN ATA NNN ATC GGC CTC GCC

Another TRM mutagenesis was carried out on the region homologous to region 176-180 of SY-77 acylase. The mixed oligonucleotide (SEQ ID NO:44) used was as follows:

    CCA GAG CTT GAA CCA GAC GGA NNN NNN NNN NNN NNN CAG CCG CCG CAT CAC GGC

A second gap was created with the enzymes NotI and SmaI. This gapped duplex was mutagenized with a spiked oligonucleotide covering amino acid positions 730 to 746 of SE-83. TRM mutagenesis was carried out with the following oligonucleotide (SEQ ID NO:45):

    CAC CAT CGC GCA NNN GCT CCA NNN NNN ATT CTG GTC GGC NNN GTG GGG GCT GGC

Mutants were selected on aminoadipyl leucine or on aminoadipyl amide agar plates.

EXAMPLE 12 Mutagenesis of A. faecalis Acylase

In a pTZ18R subclone of the 4kb Sau3A-HpaI fragment of the pAF1 insert an NdeI site was constructed on the startcodon of the A. faecalis gene with the aid of the following oligonucleotide (SEQ ID NO:46):

    G CCC TTT CTG CAT ATG TGT CCC TTA TTT TTA

After NdeI digestion of the resulting mutant plasmid pMaAFnde was constructed. After linearization with HI a gapped duplex with single stranded pMcAFNde was made. A spiked oligo covering region 37-46 was used for region mutagenesis and after transfer into E. coli WK6 Muts and subsequently E. coli HB101 the mutant library was selected on minimal plates with 10 μg/ml glutaryl leucine and 50 μg/ml cap. Those colonies which grew on these plates (and not on minimal plates) were tested for activity on glutaryl cephalosporin. A similar experiment with an oligo covering region 51-72 of A. faecalis was performed.

Targeted random mutagenesis (TRM) was performed on the same gapped duplex molecule using the following oligonucleotide (SEQ ID NO:47):

    CAG ACG GTC TTG NNN NNN CGC NNN ACC NNN GCC NNN ATA NNN GCC ATA GTG GCT

The use of this oligo results in a substitution of positions 51, 53, 55, 57, 59 and 60 into all possible amino acids. Another TRM was carried out on the region homologous to positions 176-180 of SY-77 acylase with the following mixed oligonucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 48):

    TTC CAG ATT CGr GTC GGA NNN NNN NNN NNN NNN GGA GCC CAC CCA GAT CAT

A mutant library of 10⁷ mutants was generated and selected on aminoadipyl leucine or glutaryl leucine plates.

In another experiment a gapped duplex using NruI and MluI was made. This gapped duplex was mutagenized with a "spiked" oligonucleotide covering amino acid positions 761 to 790. The resulting mutant library was selected on glutaryl leucine and aminoadipyl leucine, respectively.

EXAMPLE 13 Mutagenesis of E. coli Acylase

The insert of plasmid pUNNEC1 was subcloned into vector pTZ18 using restriction sites HindIII and SmaI. With the following specific oligonucleotide (SEQ ID NO:49) an NdeI site was created at the start codon:

    TCT ATT TTT CAT ATG ATC CTC TGG CAG

The acylase gene was then subcloned into plasmid pMaTECNde using the restriction enzymes NdeI and SmaI. This plasmid was mutagenized with a "spiked" oligonucleotide covering amino acids 53 to 74 of E. coli acylase and selected in a similar way as described in Example 9.

Targeted random mutagenesis of E. coli Pen-acylase was carried out with a mixed oligo homologous to the positions 176-180 of SY-77 acylase. The following oligo (SEQ ID NO: 50) was used:

    TrC GCT AGT GCT ATC AGA NNN NNN NNN NNN NNN GGT GCC CAC AAA TAT CAT

All publications including patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. All publications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.

For example, it will be understood that selected mutants can be used for a consecutive round of mutagenesis with any of methods mentioned above or any of the mentioned spiked oligo's. Also a combination of two or more spiked oligo's in a single mutagenesis experiment is within the scope of this invention.

LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Lowe et al., Book Dev. Ind. Microbiol, 22, (1982) 163-180

2. Abbott B. J., Adv. Appl. Microb. 20 (1976), 203

3. Vandamme E. J., "Penicillin acylases and β-lactamases", In: "Microbial Enzymes and Bioconversions", E. H. Rose (Ed.), Economic Microbiology 5 (1980) 467-552, Acad. Press, New York

4. Ollson A. et al., Appl. Env. Microbiol. 49 (1985) 1084

5. Shibuya Y. et al., Agric. Biol. Chem. 45 (1981) 156-1567

6. Matsuda A. et al., J. Bacteriol. 169 (1987) 5815-5820

7. Walton R. B., Devel. Ind. Microbiol. 5 (1964) 349-353

8. Mahajan P. B., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 9 (1984) 537-553

9. Mayer et al., Adv. Biotechnol. 1 (1982) 83-86

10. Schumacher et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 14 (1986) 5713-5727

11. Barbero J. L. et al., Gene 49 (1986) 69-80

12. Daumy G. O. et al., J. Bacteriol. 163 (1985) 1279-1281

13. Dickerson R. E. & Geis I. in "Hemoglobin", Ed. Benjamin and Cummings (1983), Menlo Park Calif., USA

14. Blow D., Nature 343 (1990) 694-695

15. Winkler F. K. et al., Nature 343 (1990) 771-774

16. Brady L. et al., Nature 343 (1990) 767-770

17. Maniatis et al., "Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1982/1989

18. Ausubel et al., "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology", John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1987

19. Perbal B., "A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning", 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1988

20. Nilsson et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 11 (1983) 8019

21. Reyes F. et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 41 (1989) 136-137

22. Stanssens et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 17 (1989) 4441

23. De Boer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80 (1983;) 21-25

24. Hermes et al., Gene 84 (1989) 143-151

25. Leethovaara et al., Protein Eng. 2 (1989) 143-151

26. Garcia et al., J. Biotech. 3 (1986) 187-195

27. Sang-Jin et al., Gene 56 (1987) 87-97

28. Meevootisom et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 25 (1987) 372-378

29. Matsuda A. et al., J. Bacteriol. 163 (1985) 1222-1228

30. Matsuda A. et al., J. Bacteriol. 169 (1987) 5821-5826

31. Bruns W. et al., J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 3 (1985) 36-44

32. Underfriend S. et al., Science 178 (1972) 871-872

33. Williams J. A. et al., J. Cell Biochem. 9B/supplement (1985) p. 99, no. 656

34. Forney L. J. et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55 (1989) 2550-2555

35. Forney L. J. et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55 (1989) 2556-2560

36. Leung D. W. et al., Technique 1 (1989)

    __________________________________________________________________________     #             SEQUENCE LISTING     - (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:     -    (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 50     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 1:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 2163 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: double               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -    (iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO     -     (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:     #species  (A) ORGANISM: Pseudomonas               (B) STRAIN: SY77     -     (ix) FEATURE:               (A) NAME/KEY: CDS               (B) LOCATION: 1..2163               (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD: - # experimental     #/codon.sub.-- start= 1ORMATION:                    /product=- # "Glutaryl-Cef acylase"                    /evidence=- # EXPERIMENTAL     -     (ix) FEATURE:               (A) NAME/KEY: sig.sub.-- - #peptide               (B) LOCATION: 1..87     -     (ix) FEATURE:               (A) NAME/KEY: mat.sub.-- - #peptide               (B) LOCATION: 88..594     #/product= "glutaryl-cef acylase"     #alfa-subunit  /label=     -     (ix) FEATURE:               (A) NAME/KEY: mat.sub.-- - #peptide               (B) LOCATION: 595..2163     #/product= "glutaryl-cef acylase"     #beta-subunit  /label=     #1:   (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - ATG CTG AGA GTT CTG CAC CGG GCG GCG TCC GC - #C TTG GTT ATG GCG ACT       48     Met Leu Arg Val Leu His Arg Ala Ala Ser Al - #a Leu Val Met Ala Thr     15     - GTG ATC GGC CTT GCG CCC GCC GTC GCC TTT GC - #G CTG GCC GAG CCG ACC       96     Val Ile Gly Leu Ala Pro Ala Val Ala Phe Al - #a Leu Ala Glu Pro Thr     #             1     - TCG ACG CCG CAG GCG CCG ATT GCG GCC TAT AA - #A CCG AGA AGC AAT GAG      144     Ser Thr Pro Gln Ala Pro Ile Ala Ala Tyr Ly - #s Pro Arg Ser Asn Glu     #      15     - ATC CTG TGG GAC GGC TAC GGC GTC CCG CAC AT - #C TAC GGC GTC GAC GCG      192     Ile Leu Trp Asp Gly Tyr Gly Val Pro His Il - #e Tyr Gly Val Asp Ala     # 35     - CCC TCA GCC TTC TAC GGC TAT GGC TGG GCC CA - #G GCG CGC AGC CAG GGC      240     Pro Ser Ala Phe Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Trp Ala Gl - #n Ala Arg Ser Gln Gly     #                 50     - GAC AAT ATC CTG CGC CTG TAT GGA GAA GCG CG - #G GGC AAG GGG GCC GAA      288     Asp Asn Ile Leu Arg Leu Tyr Gly Glu Ala Ar - #g Gly Lys Gly Ala Glu     #             65     - TAC TGG GGC CCG GAT TAC GAA CAG ACG ACC GT - #C TGG CTG CTG ACC AAC      336     Tyr Trp Gly Pro Asp Tyr Glu Gln Thr Thr Va - #l Trp Leu Leu Thr Asn     #         80     - GGC GTG CCG GAG CGC GCT CAG CAG TGG TAT GC - #G CAG CAG TCG CCT GAT      384     Gly Val Pro Glu Arg Ala Gln Gln Trp Tyr Al - #a Gln Gln Ser Pro Asp     #     95     - TTC CGC GCC AAC CTC GAC GCC TTC GCG GCG GG - #C ATC AAC GCC TAT GCG      432     Phe Arg Ala Asn Leu Asp Ala Phe Ala Ala Gl - #y Ile Asn Ala Tyr Ala     100                 1 - #05                 1 - #10                 1 -     #15     - CAG CAG AAC CCC GAC GAC ATC TCG CCC GAC GT - #G CGG CAG GTG CTG CCG      480     Gln Gln Asn Pro Asp Asp Ile Ser Pro Asp Va - #l Arg Gln Val Leu Pro     #               130     - GTT TCC GGC GCC GAC GTG GTG GCC CAC GCC CA - #C CGC CTG ATG AAC TTC      528     Val Ser Gly Ala Asp Val Val Ala His Ala Hi - #s Arg Leu Met Asn Phe     #           145     - CTC TAT GTC GCG TCG CCC GGC CGC ACC CTG GG - #C GAG GGC GAC CCG CCG      576     Leu Tyr Val Ala Ser Pro Gly Arg Thr Leu Gl - #y Glu Gly Asp Pro Pro     #       160     - GAC CTG GCC GAT CAA GGA TCC AAC TCC TGG GC - #G GTG GCG CCG GGA AAG      624     Asp Leu Ala Asp Gln Gly Ser Asn Ser Trp Al - #a Val Ala Pro Gly Lys     #   175     - ACG GCG AAC GGG AAC GCC CTG CTG CTG CAG AA - #C CCG CAC CTG TCC TGG      672     Thr Ala Asn Gly Asn Ala Leu Leu Leu Gln As - #n Pro His Leu Ser Trp     180                 1 - #85                 1 - #90                 1 -     #95     - ACG ACG GAC TAC TTC ACC TAC TAC GAG GCG CA - #T CTC GTC ACG CCG GAC      720     Thr Thr Asp Tyr Phe Thr Tyr Tyr Glu Ala Hi - #s Leu Val Thr Pro Asp     #               210     - TTC GAA ATC TAT GGC GCG ACC CAG ATC GGC CT - #G CCG GTC ATC CGC TTC      768     Phe Glu Ile Tyr Gly Ala Thr Gln Ile Gly Le - #u Pro Val Ile Arg Phe     #           225     - GCC TTC AAC CAG CGG ATG GGC ATC ACC AAT AC - #C GTC AAC GGC ATG GTG      816     Ala Phe Asn Gln Arg Met Gly Ile Thr Asn Th - #r Val Asn Gly Met Val     #       240     - GGG GCC ACC AAC TAT CGG CTG ACG CTT CAG GA - #C GGC GGC TAT CTG TAT      864     Gly Ala Thr Asn Tyr Arg Leu Thr Leu Gln As - #p Gly Gly Tyr Leu Tyr     #   255     - GAC GGT CAG GTG CGG CCG TTC GAG CGG CCT CA - #G GCC TCG TAT CGC CTG      912     Asp Gly Gln Val Arg Pro Phe Glu Arg Pro Gl - #n Ala Ser Tyr Arg Leu     260                 2 - #65                 2 - #70                 2 -     #75     - CGT CAG GCG GAC GGG ACG ACG GTC GAC AAG CC - #G TTG GAG ATC CGC TCC      960     Arg Gln Ala Asp Gly Thr Thr Val Asp Lys Pr - #o Leu Glu Ile Arg Ser     #               290     - AGC GTC CAT GGC CCG GTC TTC GAG CGC GCG GA - #C GGC ACG GCC GTC GCC     1008     Ser Val His Gly Pro Val Phe Glu Arg Ala As - #p Gly Thr Ala Val Ala     #           305     - GTT CGG GTC GCC GGT CTG GAC CGG CCG GGC AT - #G CTC GAG CAG TAT TTC     1056     Val Arg Val Ala Gly Leu Asp Arg Pro Gly Me - #t Leu Glu Gln Tyr Phe     #       320     - GAC ATG ATC ACG GCG GAC AGC TTC GAC GAC TA - #C GAA GCC GCT TTG GCG     1104     Asp Met Ile Thr Ala Asp Ser Phe Asp Asp Ty - #r Glu Ala Ala Leu Ala     #   335     - CGG ATG CAG GTG CCG ACC TTC AAC ATC GTC TA - #C GCC GAC CGC GAA GGG     1152     Arg Met Gln Val Pro Thr Phe Asn Ile Val Ty - #r Ala Asp Arg Glu Gly     340                 3 - #45                 3 - #50                 3 -     #55     - ACC ATC AAC TAC AGC TTC AAC GGC GTG GCG CC - #C AAA CGG GCC GAG GGC     1200     Thr Ile Asn Tyr Ser Phe Asn Gly Val Ala Pr - #o Lys Arg Ala Glu Gly     #               370     - GAC ATC GCC TTC TGG CAG GGG CTC GTG CCG GG - #C GAT TCC TCG CGT TAC     1248     Asp Ile Ala Phe Trp Gln Gly Leu Val Pro Gl - #y Asp Ser Ser Arg Tyr     #           385     - CTG TGG ACC GAG ACA CAC CCG CTG GAC GAT CT - #G CCG CGC GTC ACC AAT     1296     Leu Trp Thr Glu Thr His Pro Leu Asp Asp Le - #u Pro Arg Val Thr Asn     #       400     - CCG CCG GGC GGC TTC GTG CAG AAC TCC AAT GA - #T CCG CCG TGG ACG CCG     1344     Pro Pro Gly Gly Phe Val Gln Asn Ser Asn As - #p Pro Pro Trp Thr Pro     #   415     - ACC TGG CCC GTC ACC TAC ACG CCC AAG GAC TT - #C CCC TCC TAT CTG GCG     1392     Thr Trp Pro Val Thr Tyr Thr Pro Lys Asp Ph - #e Pro Ser Tyr Leu Ala     420                 4 - #25                 4 - #30                 4 -     #35     - CCC CAG ACG CCG CAT TCC CTG CGT GCG CAA CA - #A AGC GTG CGT CTG ATG     1440     Pro Gln Thr Pro His Ser Leu Arg Ala Gln Gl - #n Ser Val Arg Leu Met     #               450     - TCC GAG AAC GAC GAC CTG ACG CTG GAG CGC TT - #C ATG GCG CTG CAG TTG     1488     Ser Glu Asn Asp Asp Leu Thr Leu Glu Arg Ph - #e Met Ala Leu Gln Leu     #           465     - AGC CAT CGC GCC GTC ATG GCC GAC CGC ACC TT - #G CCG GAC CTG ATC CCG     1536     Ser His Arg Ala Val Met Ala Asp Arg Thr Le - #u Pro Asp Leu Ile Pro     #       480     - GCC GCC CTG ATC GAC CCC GAT CCC GAG GTC CA - #G GCG GCG GCG CGC CTG     1584     Ala Ala Leu Ile Asp Pro Asp Pro Glu Val Gl - #n Ala Ala Ala Arg Leu     #   495     - CTG GCG GCG TGG GAT CGC GAG TTC ACC AGC GA - #C AGC CGC GCC GCC CTG     1632     Leu Ala Ala Trp Asp Arg Glu Phe Thr Ser As - #p Ser Arg Ala Ala Leu     500                 5 - #05                 5 - #10                 5 -     #15     - CTG TTC GAG GAA TGG GCG CGT CTG TTC GCC GG - #C CAG AAT TTC GCA GGC     1680     Leu Phe Glu Glu Trp Ala Arg Leu Phe Ala Gl - #y Gln Asn Phe Ala Gly     #               530     - CAG GCC GGC TTC GCC ACG CCC TGG TCG CTG GA - #T AAG CCG GTC AGC ACG     1728     Gln Ala Gly Phe Ala Thr Pro Trp Ser Leu As - #p Lys Pro Val Ser Thr     #           545     - CCT TAC GGC GTC CGC GAC CCC AAG GCC GCC GT - #C GAT CAA CTG CGG ACC     1776     Pro Tyr Gly Val Arg Asp Pro Lys Ala Ala Va - #l Asp Gln Leu Arg Thr     #       560     - GCC ATC GCC AAC ACC AAG CGC AAA TAC GGC GC - #G ATC GAC CGG CCG TTC     1824     Ala Ile Ala Asn Thr Lys Arg Lys Tyr Gly Al - #a Ile Asp Arg Pro Phe     #   575     - GGC GAC GCC TCG CGC ATG ATC CTG AAC GAC GT - #G AAT GTT CCG GGC GCC     1872     Gly Asp Ala Ser Arg Met Ile Leu Asn Asp Va - #l Asn Val Pro Gly Ala     580                 5 - #85                 5 - #90                 5 -     #95     - GCC GGC TAC GGC AAC CTG GGT TCC TTC CGG GT - #C TTC ACC TGG TCC GAT     1920     Ala Gly Tyr Gly Asn Leu Gly Ser Phe Arg Va - #l Phe Thr Trp Ser Asp     #               610     - CCT GAC GAA AAC GGG GTT CGC ACG CCC GTC CA - #C GGC GAG ACG TGG GTG     1968     Pro Asp Glu Asn Gly Val Arg Thr Pro Val Hi - #s Gly Glu Thr Trp Val     #           625     - GCG ATG ATC GAG TTC TCC ACG CCG GTG CGG GC - #C TAT GGC CTG ATG AGC     2016     Ala Met Ile Glu Phe Ser Thr Pro Val Arg Al - #a Tyr Gly Leu Met Ser     #       640     - TAC GGC AAC TCT CGC CAG CCG GGC ACG ACG CA - #C TAC AGC GAT CAG ATC     2064     Tyr Gly Asn Ser Arg Gln Pro Gly Thr Thr Hi - #s Tyr Ser Asp Gln Ile     #   655     - GAA CGC GTG TCG CGC GCC GAC TTC CGC GAA CT - #G TTG CTG CGG CGA GAG     2112     Glu Arg Val Ser Arg Ala Asp Phe Arg Glu Le - #u Leu Leu Arg Arg Glu     660                 6 - #65                 6 - #70                 6 -     #75     - CAG GTC GAG GCC GCC GTC CAG GAA CGC ACG CC - #C TTC AAC TTC AAG CCA     2160     Gln Val Glu Ala Ala Val Gln Glu Arg Thr Pr - #o Phe Asn Phe Lys Pro     #               690     #           2163     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 2:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 720 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein     #2:   (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - Met Leu Arg Val Leu His Arg Ala Ala Ser Al - #a Leu Val Met Ala Thr     15     - Val Ile Gly Leu Ala Pro Ala Val Ala Phe Al - #a Leu Ala Glu Pro Thr     #             1     - Ser Thr Pro Gln Ala Pro Ile Ala Ala Tyr Ly - #s Pro Arg Ser Asn Glu     #      15     - Ile Leu Trp Asp Gly Tyr Gly Val Pro His Il - #e Tyr Gly Val Asp Ala     # 35     - Pro Ser Ala Phe Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Trp Ala Gl - #n Ala Arg Ser Gln Gly     #                 50     - Asp Asn Ile Leu Arg Leu Tyr Gly Glu Ala Ar - #g Gly Lys Gly Ala Glu     #             65     - Tyr Trp Gly Pro Asp Tyr Glu Gln Thr Thr Va - #l Trp Leu Leu Thr Asn     #         80     - Gly Val Pro Glu Arg Ala Gln Gln Trp Tyr Al - #a Gln Gln Ser Pro Asp     #     95     - Phe Arg Ala Asn Leu Asp Ala Phe Ala Ala Gl - #y Ile Asn Ala Tyr Ala     100                 1 - #05                 1 - #10                 1 -     #15     - Gln Gln Asn Pro Asp Asp Ile Ser Pro Asp Va - #l Arg Gln Val Leu Pro     #               130     - Val Ser Gly Ala Asp Val Val Ala His Ala Hi - #s Arg Leu Met Asn Phe     #           145     - Leu Tyr Val Ala Ser Pro Gly Arg Thr Leu Gl - #y Glu Gly Asp Pro Pro     #       160     - Asp Leu Ala Asp Gln Gly Ser Asn Ser Trp Al - #a Val Ala Pro Gly Lys     #   175     - Thr Ala Asn Gly Asn Ala Leu Leu Leu Gln As - #n Pro His Leu Ser Trp     180                 1 - #85                 1 - #90                 1 -     #95     - Thr Thr Asp Tyr Phe Thr Tyr Tyr Glu Ala Hi - #s Leu Val Thr Pro Asp     #               210     - Phe Glu Ile Tyr Gly Ala Thr Gln Ile Gly Le - #u Pro Val Ile Arg Phe     #           225     - Ala Phe Asn Gln Arg Met Gly Ile Thr Asn Th - #r Val Asn Gly Met Val     #       240     - Gly Ala Thr Asn Tyr Arg Leu Thr Leu Gln As - #p Gly Gly Tyr Leu Tyr     #   255     - Asp Gly Gln Val Arg Pro Phe Glu Arg Pro Gl - #n Ala Ser Tyr Arg Leu     260                 2 - #65                 2 - #70                 2 -     #75     - Arg Gln Ala Asp Gly Thr Thr Val Asp Lys Pr - #o Leu Glu Ile Arg Ser     #               290     - Ser Val His Gly Pro Val Phe Glu Arg Ala As - #p Gly Thr Ala Val Ala     #           305     - Val Arg Val Ala Gly Leu Asp Arg Pro Gly Me - #t Leu Glu Gln Tyr Phe     #       320     - Asp Met Ile Thr Ala Asp Ser Phe Asp Asp Ty - #r Glu Ala Ala Leu Ala     #   335     - Arg Met Gln Val Pro Thr Phe Asn Ile Val Ty - #r Ala Asp Arg Glu Gly     340                 3 - #45                 3 - #50                 3 -     #55     - Thr Ile Asn Tyr Ser Phe Asn Gly Val Ala Pr - #o Lys Arg Ala Glu Gly     #               370     - Asp Ile Ala Phe Trp Gln Gly Leu Val Pro Gl - #y Asp Ser Ser Arg Tyr     #           385     - Leu Trp Thr Glu Thr His Pro Leu Asp Asp Le - #u Pro Arg Val Thr Asn     #       400     - Pro Pro Gly Gly Phe Val Gln Asn Ser Asn As - #p Pro Pro Trp Thr Pro     #   415     - Thr Trp Pro Val Thr Tyr Thr Pro Lys Asp Ph - #e Pro Ser Tyr Leu Ala     420                 4 - #25                 4 - #30                 4 -     #35     - Pro Gln Thr Pro His Ser Leu Arg Ala Gln Gl - #n Ser Val Arg Leu Met     #               450     - Ser Glu Asn Asp Asp Leu Thr Leu Glu Arg Ph - #e Met Ala Leu Gln Leu     #           465     - Ser His Arg Ala Val Met Ala Asp Arg Thr Le - #u Pro Asp Leu Ile Pro     #       480     - Ala Ala Leu Ile Asp Pro Asp Pro Glu Val Gl - #n Ala Ala Ala Arg Leu     #   495     - Leu Ala Ala Trp Asp Arg Glu Phe Thr Ser As - #p Ser Arg Ala Ala Leu     500                 5 - #05                 5 - #10                 5 -     #15     - Leu Phe Glu Glu Trp Ala Arg Leu Phe Ala Gl - #y Gln Asn Phe Ala Gly     #               530     - Gln Ala Gly Phe Ala Thr Pro Trp Ser Leu As - #p Lys Pro Val Ser Thr     #           545     - Pro Tyr Gly Val Arg Asp Pro Lys Ala Ala Va - #l Asp Gln Leu Arg Thr     #       560     - Ala Ile Ala Asn Thr Lys Arg Lys Tyr Gly Al - #a Ile Asp Arg Pro Phe     #   575     - Gly Asp Ala Ser Arg Met Ile Leu Asn Asp Va - #l Asn Val Pro Gly Ala     580                 5 - #85                 5 - #90                 5 -     #95     - Ala Gly Tyr Gly Asn Leu Gly Ser Phe Arg Va - #l Phe Thr Trp Ser Asp     #               610     - Pro Asp Glu Asn Gly Val Arg Thr Pro Val Hi - #s Gly Glu Thr Trp Val     #           625     - Ala Met Ile Glu Phe Ser Thr Pro Val Arg Al - #a Tyr Gly Leu Met Ser     #       640     - Tyr Gly Asn Ser Arg Gln Pro Gly Thr Thr Hi - #s Tyr Ser Asp Gln Ile     #   655     - Glu Arg Val Ser Arg Ala Asp Phe Arg Glu Le - #u Leu Leu Arg Arg Glu     660                 6 - #65                 6 - #70                 6 -     #75     - Gln Val Glu Ala Ala Val Gln Glu Arg Thr Pr - #o Phe Asn Phe Lys Pro     #               690     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 3:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 2451 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: double               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -    (iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO     -     (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:     #faecalis (A) ORGANISM: Alcaligenes     #(=NCTC415)B) STRAIN: ATCC 19018               (I) ORGANELLE: Chloroplast     -     (ix) FEATURE:               (A) NAME/KEY: CDS               (B) LOCATION: 1..2451     -     (ix) FEATURE:               (A) NAME/KEY: sig.sub.-- - #peptide               (B) LOCATION: 1..78               (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD: - # experimental     #/product= "penicillin acylase":                    /evidence=- # EXPERIMENTAL     -     (ix) FEATURE:               (A) NAME/KEY: mat.sub.-- - #peptide               (B) LOCATION: 79..708     #/product= "penicillin acylase":     #alpha-subunit /label=     -     (ix) FEATURE:               (A) NAME/KEY: mat.sub.-- - #peptide               (B) LOCATION: 709..2448               (C) IDENTIFICATION METHOD: - # experimental     #/product= "penicillin acylase":                    /evidence=- # EXPERIMENTAL     #beta-subunit  /label=     #3:   (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - ATG CAG AAA GGG CTT GTT CGT ACC GGG CTT GT - #G GCC GCT GGT TTG ATC       48     Met Gln Lys Gly Leu Val Arg Thr Gly Leu Va - #l Ala Ala Gly Leu Ile     15     - TTG GGT TGG GCG GGG GCA CCG ACC CAC GCG CA - #A GTG CAG TCG GTA GAG       96     Leu Gly Trp Ala Gly Ala Pro Thr His Ala Gl - #n Val Gln Ser Val Glu     # 1               5     - GTG ATG CGG GAC AGT TAT GGC GTG CCG CAC GT - #C TTT GCC GAC AGC CAC      144     Val Met Arg Asp Ser Tyr Gly Val Pro His Va - #l Phe Ala Asp Ser His     #             20     - TAT GGC TTG TAT TAC GGC TAT GGT TAT GCG GT - #C GCC CAA GAC CGT CTG      192     Tyr Gly Leu Tyr Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Tyr Ala Va - #l Ala Gln Asp Arg Leu     #         35     - TTC CAG ATG GAC ATG GCG CGT CGC TCC TTT GT - #C GGC ACA ACC GCC GCC      240     Phe Gln Met Asp Met Ala Arg Arg Ser Phe Va - #l Gly Thr Thr Ala Ala     #     50     - GTC TTA GGC CCT GGT GAG CAA GAT GCC TAC GT - #C AAG TAC GAC ATG CAG      288     Val Leu Gly Pro Gly Glu Gln Asp Ala Tyr Va - #l Lys Tyr Asp Met Gln     # 70     - GTG CGG CAG AAC TTC ACC CCG GCT TCC ATA CA - #G CGG CAG ATC GCG GCC      336     Val Arg Gln Asn Phe Thr Pro Ala Ser Ile Gl - #n Arg Gln Ile Ala Ala     #                 85     - TTG TCC AAG GAT GAG CGC GAT ATT TTT CGT GG - #C TAT GCC GAT GGC TAT      384     Leu Ser Lys Asp Glu Arg Asp Ile Phe Arg Gl - #y Tyr Ala Asp Gly Tyr     #            100     - AAC GCC TAT CTG GAG CAG GTG CGG CGT CGC CC - #T GAG TTG CTG CCC AAA      432     Asn Ala Tyr Leu Glu Gln Val Arg Arg Arg Pr - #o Glu Leu Leu Pro Lys     #       115     - GAA TAT GTG GAT TTT GAT TTC CAG CCC GAG CC - #G CTG ACC GAC TTT GAT      480     Glu Tyr Val Asp Phe Asp Phe Gln Pro Glu Pr - #o Leu Thr Asp Phe Asp     #   130     - GTG GTC ATG ATC TGG GTG GGC TCC ATG GCC AA - #T CGC TTC TCC GAC ACG      528     Val Val Met Ile Trp Val Gly Ser Met Ala As - #n Arg Phe Ser Asp Thr     135                 1 - #40                 1 - #45                 1 -     #50     - AAT CTG GAA GTG ACG GCA CTG GCC ATG CGT CA - #G TCT CTG GAG AAA CAG      576     Asn Leu Glu Val Thr Ala Leu Ala Met Arg Gl - #n Ser Leu Glu Lys Gln     #               165     - CAC GGC CCG GAA CGA GGC CGT GCC TTG TTT GA - #T GAG CTG CTG TGG ATC      624     His Gly Pro Glu Arg Gly Arg Ala Leu Phe As - #p Glu Leu Leu Trp Ile     #           180     - AAT GAC ACA ACA GCT CCC ACT ACG GTT CCG GC - #C CCC GCT GCC GAG CAC      672     Asn Asp Thr Thr Ala Pro Thr Thr Val Pro Al - #a Pro Ala Ala Glu His     #       195     - AAG CCG CAG GCA CAA GCA GGG ACG CAG GAT CT - #G GCT CAT GTT TCC TCG      720     Lys Pro Gln Ala Gln Ala Gly Thr Gln Asp Le - #u Ala His Val Ser Ser     #   210     - CCA GTA CTG GCT ACC GAG CTA GAG CGC CAG GA - #C AAG CAC TGG GGC GGC      768     Pro Val Leu Ala Thr Glu Leu Glu Arg Gln As - #p Lys His Trp Gly Gly     215                 2 - #20                 2 - #25                 2 -     #30     - CGT GGC CCG GAC TTC GCG CCC AAG GCT AGC AA - #C CTG TGG AGC ACT CGC      816     Arg Gly Pro Asp Phe Ala Pro Lys Ala Ser As - #n Leu Trp Ser Thr Arg     #               245     - CCC GAG CGA GTG CAG GAG GGC TCG ACC GTA CT - #G ATC AAC GGC CCA CAG      864     Pro Glu Arg Val Gln Glu Gly Ser Thr Val Le - #u Ile Asn Gly Pro Gln     #           260     - TTT GGC TGG TAC AAC CCG GCC TAC ACC TAT GG - #C ATT GGC TTG CAT GGC      912     Phe Gly Trp Tyr Asn Pro Ala Tyr Thr Tyr Gl - #y Ile Gly Leu His Gly     #       275     - GCC GGC TTC GAT GTG GTG GGT AAT ACG CCT TT - #T GCC TAT CCG ATC GTA      960     Ala Gly Phe Asp Val Val Gly Asn Thr Pro Ph - #e Ala Tyr Pro Ile Val     #   290     - CTG TTT GGC ACC AAT AGC GAG ATT GCC TGG GG - #G GCG ACT GCT GGC CCG     1008     Leu Phe Gly Thr Asn Ser Glu Ile Ala Trp Gl - #y Ala Thr Ala Gly Pro     295                 3 - #00                 3 - #05                 3 -     #10     - CAA GAT GTG GTG GAC ATA TAT CAG GAA AAA TT - #G AAC CCC TCG CGT GCC     1056     Gln Asp Val Val Asp Ile Tyr Gln Glu Lys Le - #u Asn Pro Ser Arg Ala     #               325     - GAT CAG TAC TGG TTC AAC AAT GCC TGG CGC AC - #G ATG GAG CAG CGC AAG     1104     Asp Gln Tyr Trp Phe Asn Asn Ala Trp Arg Th - #r Met Glu Gln Arg Lys     #           340     - GAA CGT ATC CAG GTA CGC GGT CAG GCT GAT CG - #G GAA ATG ACG ATC TGG     1152     Glu Arg Ile Gln Val Arg Gly Gln Ala Asp Ar - #g Glu Met Thr Ile Trp     #       355     - CGC ACC GTG CAC GGC CCT GTG ATG CAG TTT GA - #T TAC GAT CAG GGC GCG     1200     Arg Thr Val His Gly Pro Val Met Gln Phe As - #p Tyr Asp Gln Gly Ala     #   370     - GCG TAC AGC AAG AAA CGC AGC TGG GAT GGC TA - #T GAG GTG CAG TCC TTG     1248     Ala Tyr Ser Lys Lys Arg Ser Trp Asp Gly Ty - #r Glu Val Gln Ser Leu     375                 3 - #80                 3 - #85                 3 -     #90     - CTA GCC TGG TTG AAC GTG GCC AAG GCC CGC AA - #C TGG ACG GAG TTT CTG     1296     Leu Ala Trp Leu Asn Val Ala Lys Ala Arg As - #n Trp Thr Glu Phe Leu     #               405     - GAT CAA GCC AGC AAG ATG GCG ATT TCG ATC AA - #C TGG TAC TAC GCC GAC     1344     Asp Gln Ala Ser Lys Met Ala Ile Ser Ile As - #n Trp Tyr Tyr Ala Asp     #           420     - AAG CAC GGC AAT ATT GGT TAT GTC TCG CCG GC - #C TTC CTG CCC CAG CGT     1392     Lys His Gly Asn Ile Gly Tyr Val Ser Pro Al - #a Phe Leu Pro Gln Arg     #       435     - CCT GCC GAT CAG GAC ATC CGT GTC CCT GCC AA - #G GGG GAT GGC AGC ATG     1440     Pro Ala Asp Gln Asp Ile Arg Val Pro Ala Ly - #s Gly Asp Gly Ser Met     #   450     - GAG TGG CTG GGC ATC AAG AGT TTC GAC GCG AT - #T CCC AAA GCC TAC AAT     1488     Glu Trp Leu Gly Ile Lys Ser Phe Asp Ala Il - #e Pro Lys Ala Tyr Asn     455                 4 - #60                 4 - #65                 4 -     #70     - CCA CCC CAG GGC TAT CTG GTC AAC TGG AAC AA - #C AAG CCT GCG CCG GAC     1536     Pro Pro Gln Gly Tyr Leu Val Asn Trp Asn As - #n Lys Pro Ala Pro Asp     #               485     - AAA ACC AAT ACG GAT ACT TAC TAT TGG ACC TA - #T GGC GAC CGC ATG AAT     1584     Lys Thr Asn Thr Asp Thr Tyr Tyr Trp Thr Ty - #r Gly Asp Arg Met Asn     #           500     - GAA CTG GTC AGT CAG TAC CAG CAG AAA GAC CT - #C TTC AGT GTG CAG GAG     1632     Glu Leu Val Ser Gln Tyr Gln Gln Lys Asp Le - #u Phe Ser Val Gln Glu     #       515     - ATC TGG GAG TTC AAT CAA AAA GCC TCC TAT AG - #C GAT GTG AAC TGG CGC     1680     Ile Trp Glu Phe Asn Gln Lys Ala Ser Tyr Se - #r Asp Val Asn Trp Arg     #   530     - TAC TTC CGC CCA CAT CTG GAA AAG CTG GCG CA - #A CAG CTG CCG GCC GAC     1728     Tyr Phe Arg Pro His Leu Glu Lys Leu Ala Gl - #n Gln Leu Pro Ala Asp     535                 5 - #40                 5 - #45                 5 -     #50     - GAT AGC AGC AAG GCG GCG CTG ACG ATG TTG CT - #C GCC TGG GAT GGA ATG     1776     Asp Ser Ser Lys Ala Ala Leu Thr Met Leu Le - #u Ala Trp Asp Gly Met     #               565     - GAA CAG GAT CAG GGA GGG CAA AAT GCC GGA CC - #G GCG CGG GTG CTC TTC     1824     Glu Gln Asp Gln Gly Gly Gln Asn Ala Gly Pr - #o Ala Arg Val Leu Phe     #           580     - AAG ACC TGG CTG GAA GAA ATG TAC AAG CAG GT - #C TTG ATG CCG GTG GTG     1872     Lys Thr Trp Leu Glu Glu Met Tyr Lys Gln Va - #l Leu Met Pro Val Val     #       595     - CCT GAA TCG CAT CGC GCC ATG TAT AGC CAG AC - #T GGT TTT GCC ACG CAG     1920     Pro Glu Ser His Arg Ala Met Tyr Ser Gln Th - #r Gly Phe Ala Thr Gln     #   610     - CAA GGT CCC AAC CCC GGT TCC ATC AAC TTG AG - #C ATG GGC ACC AAG GTC     1968     Gln Gly Pro Asn Pro Gly Ser Ile Asn Leu Se - #r Met Gly Thr Lys Val     615                 6 - #20                 6 - #25                 6 -     #30     - TTG TTG CGT GCC TTG GTG CTG GAA GCC CAT CC - #C GAT CCC AAG CGT GTG     2016     Leu Leu Arg Ala Leu Val Leu Glu Ala His Pr - #o Asp Pro Lys Arg Val     #               645     - AAT GTC TTT GGT GAG CGT TCG TCT CAG GAA AT - #C ATG CAC ACA GCT TTG     2064     Asn Val Phe Gly Glu Arg Ser Ser Gln Glu Il - #e Met His Thr Ala Leu     #           660     - CAA AAT GCG CAG GCC CGC TTG AGC CAG GAG CA - #G GGC GCT CAG ATG GCG     2112     Gln Asn Ala Gln Ala Arg Leu Ser Gln Glu Gl - #n Gly Ala Gln Met Ala     #       675     - CGC TGG ACC ATG CCG ACC TCC GTG CAT CGT TT - #C AGC GAC AAG AAC TTC     2160     Arg Trp Thr Met Pro Thr Ser Val His Arg Ph - #e Ser Asp Lys Asn Phe     #   690     - ACG GGA ACC CCG CAG ACG ATG CCT GGC AAT AC - #C TTT GCC TTT ACC GGC     2208     Thr Gly Thr Pro Gln Thr Met Pro Gly Asn Th - #r Phe Ala Phe Thr Gly     695                 7 - #00                 7 - #05                 7 -     #10     - TAT CAG AAT CGA GGC ACG GAA AAT AAC CGC GT - #G GTG TTT GAT GCC AAG     2256     Tyr Gln Asn Arg Gly Thr Glu Asn Asn Arg Va - #l Val Phe Asp Ala Lys     #               725     - GGC GTG GAG TTC TGC GAC GCC ATG CCG CCC GG - #C CAA AGC GGT TTC ACC     2304     Gly Val Glu Phe Cys Asp Ala Met Pro Pro Gl - #y Gln Ser Gly Phe Thr     #           740     - GAC CGC AAT GGA GTG CGC AGC CCG CAT TAT GA - #G GAT CAG CTG AAG TTG     2352     Asp Arg Asn Gly Val Arg Ser Pro His Tyr Gl - #u Asp Gln Leu Lys Leu     #       755     - TAC GAG AAC TTC GAG TGC AAG ACG ATG GAT GT - #G ACG CAT GCG GAC ATT     2400     Tyr Glu Asn Phe Glu Cys Lys Thr Met Asp Va - #l Thr His Ala Asp Ile     #   770     - CGT CGT AAT GCG CAA AGC AGC ACG ATG CTG TT - #G ATT CAG CCT CAG CCT     2448     Arg Arg Asn Ala Gln Ser Ser Thr Met Leu Le - #u Ile Gln Pro Gln Pro     775                 7 - #80                 7 - #85                 7 -     #90     #           2451     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 4:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 816 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein     #4:   (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - Met Gln Lys Gly Leu Val Arg Thr Gly Leu Va - #l Ala Ala Gly Leu Ile     15     - Leu Gly Trp Ala Gly Ala Pro Thr His Ala Gl - #n Val Gln Ser Val Glu     # 1               5     - Val Met Arg Asp Ser Tyr Gly Val Pro His Va - #l Phe Ala Asp Ser His     #             20     - Tyr Gly Leu Tyr Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Tyr Ala Va - #l Ala Gln Asp Arg Leu     #         35     - Phe Gln Met Asp Met Ala Arg Arg Ser Phe Va - #l Gly Thr Thr Ala Ala     #     50     - Val Leu Gly Pro Gly Glu Gln Asp Ala Tyr Va - #l Lys Tyr Asp Met Gln     # 70     - Val Arg Gln Asn Phe Thr Pro Ala Ser Ile Gl - #n Arg Gln Ile Ala Ala     #                 85     - Leu Ser Lys Asp Glu Arg Asp Ile Phe Arg Gl - #y Tyr Ala Asp Gly Tyr     #            100     - Asn Ala Tyr Leu Glu Gln Val Arg Arg Arg Pr - #o Glu Leu Leu Pro Lys     #       115     - Glu Tyr Val Asp Phe Asp Phe Gln Pro Glu Pr - #o Leu Thr Asp Phe Asp     #   130     - Val Val Met Ile Trp Val Gly Ser Met Ala As - #n Arg Phe Ser Asp Thr     135                 1 - #40                 1 - #45                 1 -     #50     - Asn Leu Glu Val Thr Ala Leu Ala Met Arg Gl - #n Ser Leu Glu Lys Gln     #               165     - His Gly Pro Glu Arg Gly Arg Ala Leu Phe As - #p Glu Leu Leu Trp Ile     #           180     - Asn Asp Thr Thr Ala Pro Thr Thr Val Pro Al - #a Pro Ala Ala Glu His     #       195     - Lys Pro Gln Ala Gln Ala Gly Thr Gln Asp Le - #u Ala His Val Ser Ser     #   210     - Pro Val Leu Ala Thr Glu Leu Glu Arg Gln As - #p Lys His Trp Gly Gly     215                 2 - #20                 2 - #25                 2 -     #30     - Arg Gly Pro Asp Phe Ala Pro Lys Ala Ser As - #n Leu Trp Ser Thr Arg     #               245     - Pro Glu Arg Val Gln Glu Gly Ser Thr Val Le - #u Ile Asn Gly Pro Gln     #           260     - Phe Gly Trp Tyr Asn Pro Ala Tyr Thr Tyr Gl - #y Ile Gly Leu His Gly     #       275     - Ala Gly Phe Asp Val Val Gly Asn Thr Pro Ph - #e Ala Tyr Pro Ile Val     #   290     - Leu Phe Gly Thr Asn Ser Glu Ile Ala Trp Gl - #y Ala Thr Ala Gly Pro     295                 3 - #00                 3 - #05                 3 -     #10     - Gln Asp Val Val Asp Ile Tyr Gln Glu Lys Le - #u Asn Pro Ser Arg Ala     #               325     - Asp Gln Tyr Trp Phe Asn Asn Ala Trp Arg Th - #r Met Glu Gln Arg Lys     #           340     - Glu Arg Ile Gln Val Arg Gly Gln Ala Asp Ar - #g Glu Met Thr Ile Trp     #       355     - Arg Thr Val His Gly Pro Val Met Gln Phe As - #p Tyr Asp Gln Gly Ala     #   370     - Ala Tyr Ser Lys Lys Arg Ser Trp Asp Gly Ty - #r Glu Val Gln Ser Leu     375                 3 - #80                 3 - #85                 3 -     #90     - Leu Ala Trp Leu Asn Val Ala Lys Ala Arg As - #n Trp Thr Glu Phe Leu     #               405     - Asp Gln Ala Ser Lys Met Ala Ile Ser Ile As - #n Trp Tyr Tyr Ala Asp     #           420     - Lys His Gly Asn Ile Gly Tyr Val Ser Pro Al - #a Phe Leu Pro Gln Arg     #       435     - Pro Ala Asp Gln Asp Ile Arg Val Pro Ala Ly - #s Gly Asp Gly Ser Met     #   450     - Glu Trp Leu Gly Ile Lys Ser Phe Asp Ala Il - #e Pro Lys Ala Tyr Asn     455                 4 - #60                 4 - #65                 4 -     #70     - Pro Pro Gln Gly Tyr Leu Val Asn Trp Asn As - #n Lys Pro Ala Pro Asp     #               485     - Lys Thr Asn Thr Asp Thr Tyr Tyr Trp Thr Ty - #r Gly Asp Arg Met Asn     #           500     - Glu Leu Val Ser Gln Tyr Gln Gln Lys Asp Le - #u Phe Ser Val Gln Glu     #       515     - Ile Trp Glu Phe Asn Gln Lys Ala Ser Tyr Se - #r Asp Val Asn Trp Arg     #   530     - Tyr Phe Arg Pro His Leu Glu Lys Leu Ala Gl - #n Gln Leu Pro Ala Asp     535                 5 - #40                 5 - #45                 5 -     #50     - Asp Ser Ser Lys Ala Ala Leu Thr Met Leu Le - #u Ala Trp Asp Gly Met     #               565     - Glu Gln Asp Gln Gly Gly Gln Asn Ala Gly Pr - #o Ala Arg Val Leu Phe     #           580     - Lys Thr Trp Leu Glu Glu Met Tyr Lys Gln Va - #l Leu Met Pro Val Val     #       595     - Pro Glu Ser His Arg Ala Met Tyr Ser Gln Th - #r Gly Phe Ala Thr Gln     #   610     - Gln Gly Pro Asn Pro Gly Ser Ile Asn Leu Se - #r Met Gly Thr Lys Val     615                 6 - #20                 6 - #25                 6 -     #30     - Leu Leu Arg Ala Leu Val Leu Glu Ala His Pr - #o Asp Pro Lys Arg Val     #               645     - Asn Val Phe Gly Glu Arg Ser Ser Gln Glu Il - #e Met His Thr Ala Leu     #           660     - Gln Asn Ala Gln Ala Arg Leu Ser Gln Glu Gl - #n Gly Ala Gln Met Ala     #       675     - Arg Trp Thr Met Pro Thr Ser Val His Arg Ph - #e Ser Asp Lys Asn Phe     #   690     - Thr Gly Thr Pro Gln Thr Met Pro Gly Asn Th - #r Phe Ala Phe Thr Gly     695                 7 - #00                 7 - #05                 7 -     #10     - Tyr Gln Asn Arg Gly Thr Glu Asn Asn Arg Va - #l Val Phe Asp Ala Lys     #               725     - Gly Val Glu Phe Cys Asp Ala Met Pro Pro Gl - #y Gln Ser Gly Phe Thr     #           740     - Asp Arg Asn Gly Val Arg Ser Pro His Tyr Gl - #u Asp Gln Leu Lys Leu     #       755     - Tyr Glu Asn Phe Glu Cys Lys Thr Met Asp Va - #l Thr His Ala Asp Ile     #   770     - Arg Arg Asn Ala Gln Ser Ser Thr Met Leu Le - #u Ile Gln Pro Gln Pro     775                 7 - #80                 7 - #85                 7 -     #90     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 5:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 846 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein     -     (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:     #coli     (A) ORGANISM: Escherichia     -      (x) PUBLICATION INFORMATION:     #G        (A) AUTHORS: Schumacher,     #D             Sizmann,                    Haug, H                    Buckel, P                    Bock, A               (B) TITLE: Penicillin a - #cylase from E.coli: unique                    gene-protein - # realtion.               (C) JOURNAL: Nucleic Ac - #ids Res.               (D) VOLUME: 14               (F) PAGES: 5713-5727               (G) DATE: 1986     #5:   (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Met Lys Asn Arg Asn Arg Met Ile - # Val Asn Cys Val Thr Ala Ser     Leu     #   15     -      Met Tyr Tyr Trp Ser Leu Pro Ala - # Leu Ala Glu Gln Ser Ser Ser     Glu     #                 30     -      Ile Lys Ile Val Arg Asp Glu Tyr - # Gly Met Pro His Ile Tyr Ala     Asn     #             45     -      Asp Thr Trp His Leu Phe Tyr Gly - # Tyr Gly Tyr Val Val Ala Gln     Asp     #         60     -      Arg Leu Phe Gln Met Glu Met Ala - # Arg Arg Ser Thr Gln Gly Thr     Val     #     80     -      Ala Glu Val Leu Gly Lys Asp Phe - # Val Lys Phe Asp Lys Asp Ile     Arg     #   95     -      Arg Asn Tyr Trp Pro Asp Ala Ile - # Arg Ala Gln Ile Ala Ala Leu     Ser     #                110     -      Pro Glu Asp Met Ser Ile Leu Gln - # Gly Tyr Ala Asp Gly Met Asn     Ala     #            125     -      Trp Ile Asp Lys Val Asn Thr Asn - # Pro Glu Thr Leu Leu Pro Lys     Gln     #        140     -      Phe Asn Thr Phe Gly Phe Thr Pro - # Lys Arg Trp Glu Pro Phe Asp     Val     #    160     -      Ala Met Ile Phe Val Gly Thr Met - # Ala Asn Arg Phe Ser Asp Ser     Thr     #   175     -      Ser Glu Ile Asp Asn Leu Ala Leu - # Leu Thr Ala Leu Lys Asp Lys     Tyr     #                190     -      Gly Val Ser Gln Gly Met Ala Val - # Phe Asn Gln Leu Lys Trp Leu     Val     #            205     -      Asn Pro Ser Ala Pro Thr Thr Ile - # Ala Val Gln Glu Ser Asn Tyr     Pro     #        220     -      Leu Lys Phe Asn Gln Gln Asn Ser - # Gln Thr Ala Ala Leu Leu Pro     Arg     #    240     -      Tyr Asp Leu Pro Ala Pro Met Leu - # Asp Arg Pro Ala Lys Gly Ala     Asp     #   255     -      Gly Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Thr Ala - # Gly Lys Asn Arg Glu Thr Ile     Val     #                270     -      Ala Gln Phe Ala Gln Gly Gly Ala - # Asn Gly Leu Ala Gly Tyr Pro     Thr     #            285     -      Thr Ser Asn Met Trp Val Ile Gly - # Lys Ser Lys Ala Gln Asp Ala     Lys     #        300     -      Ala Ile Met Val Asn Gly Pro Gln - # Phe Gly Trp Tyr Ala Pro Ala     Tyr     #    320     -      Thr Tyr Gly Ile Gly Leu His Gly - # Ala Gly Tyr Asp Val Thr Gly     Asn     #   335     -      Thr Pro Phe Ala Tyr Pro Gly Leu - # Val Phe Gly His Asn Gly Val     Ile     #                350     -      Ser Trp Gly Ser Thr Ala Gly Phe - # Gly Asp Asp Val Asp Ile Phe     Ala     #            365     -      Glu Arg Leu Ser Ala Glu Lys Pro - # Gly Tyr Tyr Leu His Asn Gly     Lys     #        380     -      Trp Val Lys Met Leu Ser Arg Glu - # Glu Thr Ile Thr Val Lys Asn     Gly     #    400     -      Gln Ala Glu Thr Phe Thr Val Trp - # Arg Thr Val His Gly Asn Ile     Leu     #   415     -      Gln Thr Asp Gln Thr Thr Gln Thr - # Ala Tyr Ala Lys Ser Arg Ala     Trp     #                430     -      Asp Gly Lys Glu Val Ala Ser Leu - # Leu Ala Trp Thr His Gln Met     Lys     #            445     -      Ala Lys Asn Trp Gln Glu Trp Thr - # Gln Gln Ala Ala Lys Gln Ala     Leu     #        460     -      Thr Ile Asn Trp Tyr Tyr Ala Asp - # Val Asn Gly Asn Ile Gly Tyr     Val     #    480     -      His Thr Gly Ala Tyr Pro Asp Arg - # Gln Ser Gly His Asp Pro Arg     Leu     #   495     -      Pro Val Pro Gly Thr Gly Lys Trp - # Asp Trp Lys Gly Leu Leu Pro     Phe     #                510     -      Glu Met Asn Pro Lys Val Tyr Asn - # Pro Gln Ser Gly Tyr Ile Ala     Asn     #            525     -      Trp Asn Asn Ser Pro Gln Lys Asp - # Tyr Pro Ala Ser Asp Leu Phe     Ala     #        540     -      Phe Leu Trp Gly Gly Ala Asp Arg - # Val Thr Glu Ile Asp Arg Leu     Leu     #    560     -      Glu Gln Lys Pro Arg Leu Thr Ala - # Asp Gln Ala Trp Asp Val Ile     Arg     #   575     -      Gln Thr Ser Arg Gln Asp Leu Asn - # Leu Arg Leu Phe Leu Pro Thr     Leu     #                590     -      Gln Ala Ala Thr Ser Gly Leu Thr - # Gln Ser Asp Pro Arg Arg Gln     Leu     #            605     -      Val Glu Thr Leu Thr Arg Trp Asp - # Gly Ile Asn Leu Leu Asn Asp     Asp     #        620     -      Gly Lys Thr Trp Gln Gln Pro Gly - # Ser Ala Ile Leu Asn Val Trp     Leu     #    640     -      Thr Ser Met Leu Lys Arg Thr Val - # Val Ala Ala Val Pro Met Pro     Phe     #   655     -      Asp Lys Trp Tyr Ser Ala Ser Gly - # Tyr Glu Thr Thr Gln Asp Gly     Pro     #                670     -      Thr Gly Ser Leu Asn Ile Ser Val - # Gly Ala Lys Ile Leu Tyr Glu     Ala     #            685     -      Val Gln Gly Asp Lys Ser Pro Ile - # Pro Gln Ala Val Asp Leu Phe     Ala     #        700     -      Gly Lys Pro Gln Gln Glu Val Val - # Leu Ala Ala Leu Glu Asp Thr     Trp     #    720     -      Glu Thr Leu Ser Lys Arg Tyr Gly - # Asn Asn Val Ser Asn Trp Lys     Thr     #   735     -      Pro Ala Met Ala Leu Thr Phe Arg - # Ala Asn Asn Phe Phe Gly Val     Pro     #                750     -      Gln Ala Ala Ala Glu Glu Thr Arg - # His Gln Ala Glu Tyr Gln Asn     Arg     #            765     -      Gly Thr Glu Asn Asp Met Ile Val - # Phe Ser Pro Thr Thr Ser Asp     Arg     #        780     -      Pro Val Leu Ala Trp Asp Val Val - # Ala Pro Gly Gln Ser Gly Phe     Ile     #    800     -      Ala Pro Asp Gly Thr Val Asp Lys - # His Tyr Glu Asp Gln Leu Lys     Met     #   815     -      Tyr Glu Asn Phe Gly Arg Lys Ser - # Leu Trp Leu Thr Lys Gln Asp     Val     #                830     -      Glu Ala His Lys Glu Ser Gln Glu - # Val Leu His Val Gln Arg     #            845     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 6:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 844 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -     (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:     #citrophilaA) ORGANISM: Kluyvera               (B) STRAIN: ATCC 21285     #6:   (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Met Lys Asn Arg Asn Arg Met Ile - # Val Asn Gly Ile Val Thr Ser     Leu     #   15     -      Ile Cys Cys Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala - # Leu Ala Ala Ser Pro Pro Thr     Glu     #                 30     -      Val Lys Ile Val Arg Asp Glu Tyr - # Gly Met Pro His Ile Tyr Ala     Asp     #             45     -      Asp Thr Tyr Arg Leu Phe Tyr Gly - # Tyr Gly Tyr Val Val Ala Gln     Asp     #         60     -      Arg Leu Phe Gln Met Glu Met Ala - # Arg Arg Ser Thr Gln Gly Thr     Val     #     80     -      Ser Glu Val Leu Gly Lys Ala Phe - # Val Ser Phe Asp Lys Asp Ile     Arg     #   95     -      Gln Asn Tyr Trp Pro Asp Ser Ile - # Arg Ala Gln Ile Ala Ser Leu     Ser     #                110     -      Ala Glu Asp Lys Ser Ile Leu Gln - # Gly Tyr Ala Asp Gly Met Asn     Ala     #            125     -      Trp Ile Asp Lys Val Asn Ala Ser - # Pro Asp Lys Leu Leu Pro Gln     Gln     #        140     -      Phe Ser Thr Phe Gly Phe Lys Pro - # Lys His Trp Glu Pro Phe Asp     Val     #    160     -      Ala Met Ile Phe Val Gly Thr Met - # Ala Asn Arg Phe Ser Asp Ser     Thr     #   175     -      Ser Glu Ile Asp Asn Leu Ala Leu - # Leu Thr Ala Val Lys Asp Lys     Tyr     #                190     -      Gly Asn Asp Glu Gly Met Ala Val - # Phe Asn Gln Leu Lys Trp Leu     Val     #            205     -      Asn Pro Ser Ala Pro Thr Thr Ile - # Ala Ala Arg Glu Ser Ser Tyr     Pro     #        220     -      Leu Lys Phe Asp Leu Gln Asn Thr - # Gln Thr Ala Ala Leu Leu Val     Pro     #    240     -      Arg Tyr Asp Gln Pro Ala Pro Met - # Leu Asp Arg Pro Ala Lys Gly     Thr     #   255     -      Asp Gly Ala Leu Leu Ala Val Thr - # Ala Ile Lys Asn Arg Glu Thr     Ile     #                270     -      Ala Ala Gln Phe Ala Asn Gly Ala - # Asn Gly Leu Ala Gly Tyr Pro     Thr     #            285     -      Thr Ser Asn Met Trp Val Ile Gly - # Lys Asn Lys Ala Gln Asp Ala     Lys     #        300     -      Ala Ile Met Val Asn Gly Pro Gln - # Phe Gly Trp Tyr Ala Pro Ala     Tyr     #    320     -      Thr Tyr Gly Ile Gly Leu His Gly - # Ala Gly Tyr Asp Val Thr Gly     Asn     #   335     -      Thr Pro Phe Ala Tyr Pro Gly Leu - # Val Phe Gly His Asn Gly Thr     Ile     #                350     -      Ser Trp Gly Ser Thr Ala Gly Phe - # Gly Asp Asp Val Asp Ile Phe     Ala     #            365     -      Glu Lys Leu Ser Ala Glu Lys Pro - # Gly Tyr Tyr Gln His Asn Gly     Glu     #        380     -      Trp Val Lys Met Leu Ser Arg Lys - # Glu Thr Ile Ala Val Lys Asp     Gly     #    400     -      Gln Pro Glu Thr Phe Thr Val Trp - # Arg Thr Leu Asp Gly Asn Val     Ile     #   415     -      Lys Thr Asp Thr Arg Thr Gln Thr - # Ala Tyr Ala Lys Ala Arg Ala     Trp     #                430     -      Ala Gly Lys Glu Val Ala Ser Leu - # Leu Ala Trp Thr His Gln Met     Lys     #            445     -      Ala Lys Asn Trp Pro Glu Trp Thr - # Gln Gln Ala Ala Lys Gln Ala     Leu     #        460     -      Thr Ile Asn Trp Tyr Tyr Ala Asp - # Val Asn Gly Asn Ile Gly Tyr     Val     #    480     -      His Thr Gly Ala Tyr Pro Asp Arg - # Gln Pro Gly His Asp Pro Arg     Leu     #   495     -      Pro Val Pro Asp Gly Lys Trp Asp - # Trp Lys Gly Leu Leu Ser Phe     Asp     #                510     -      Leu Asn Pro Lys Val Tyr Asn Pro - # Gln Ser Gly Tyr Ile Ala Asn     Trp     #            525     -      Asn Asn Ser Pro Gln Lys Asp Tyr - # Pro Ala Ser Asp Leu Phe Ala     Phe     #        540     -      Leu Trp Gly Gly Ala Asp Arg Val - # Thr Glu Ile Asp Thr Ile Leu     Asp     #    560     -      Lys Gln Pro Arg Phe Thr Ala Asp - # Gln Ala Trp Asp Val Ile Arg     Gln     #   575     -      Thr Ser Leu Arg Asp Leu Leu Arg - # Leu Phe Leu Pro Ala Leu Lys     Asp     #                590     -      Ala Thr Ala Asn Leu Ala Glu Asn - # Asp Pro Arg Arg Gln Leu Val     Asp     #            605     -      Lys Leu Ala Ser Trp Asp Gly Glu - # Asn Leu Val Asn Asp Asp Gly     Lys     #        620     -      Thr Tyr Gln Gln Pro Gly Ser Ala - # Ile Leu Asn Ala Trp Leu Thr     Ser     #    640     -      Met Leu Lys Arg Thr Val Val Ala - # Ala Val Pro Ala Pro Phe Gly     Lys     #   655     -      Trp Tyr Ser Ala Ser Gly Tyr Glu - # Thr Thr Gln Asp Gly Pro Thr     Gly     #                670     -      Ser Leu Asn Ile Ser Val Gly Ala - # Lys Ile Leu Tyr Glu Ala Leu     Gln     #            685     -      Gly Asp Lys Ser Pro Ile Pro Gln - # Ala Val Asp Leu Phe Gly Gly     Lys     #        700     -      Pro Glu Gln Glu Val Ile Leu Ala - # Ala Leu Asp Asp Ala Trp Glu     Thr     #    720     -      Leu Ser Lys Arg Tyr Gly Asn Asp - # Val Thr Gly Trp Lys Thr Pro     Ala     #   735     -      Met Ala Leu Thr Phe Arg Ala Asn - # Asn Phe Phe Gly Val Pro Gln     Ala     #                750     -      Ala Ala Lys Glu Ala Arg His Gln - # Ala Glu Tyr Gln Asn Arg Gly     Thr     #            765     -      Glu Asn Asp Met Ile Val Phe Ser - # Pro Thr Ser Gly Asn Arg Pro     Val     #        780     -      Leu Ala Trp Asp Val Val Ala Pro - # Gly Gln Ser Gly Phe Ile Ala     Pro     #    800     -      Asp Gly Lys Ala Asp Lys His Tyr - # Asp Asp Gln Leu Lys Met Tyr     Glu     #   815     -      Ser Phe Gly Arg Lys Ser Leu Trp - # Leu Thr Pro Gln Asp Val Asp     Glu     #                830     -      His Lys Glu Ser Gln Glu Val Leu - # Gln Val Gln Arg     #            840     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 7:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 774 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -     (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:     #species  (A) ORGANISM: Pseudomonas               (B) STRAIN: SE83     #7:   (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Met Thr Met Ala Ala Lys Thr Asp - # Arg Glu Ala Leu Gln Ala Ala     Leu     #   15     -      Pro Pro Leu Ser Gly Ser Leu Ser - # Ile Pro Gly Leu Ser Ala Pro     Val     #                 30     -      Arg Val Gln Arg Asp Gly Trp Gly - # Ile Pro His Ile Lys Ala Ser     Gly     #             45     -      Glu Ala Asp Ala Tyr Arg Ala Leu - # Gly Phe Val His Ala Gln Asp     Arg     #         60     -      Leu Phe Gln Met Glu Leu Thr Arg - # Arg Lys Ala Leu Gly Arg Ala     Ala     #     80     -      Glu Trp Leu Gly Ala Glu Ala Ala - # Glu Ala Asp Ile Leu Val Arg     Arg     #   95     -      Leu Gly Met Glu Lys Val Cys Arg - # Arg Asp Phe Glu Ala Leu Gly     Ala     #                110     -      Glu Ala Lys Asp Met Leu Arg Ala - # Tyr Val Ala Gly Val Asn Ala     Phe     #            125     -      Leu Ala Ser Gly Ala Pro Leu Pro - # Ile Glu Tyr Gly Leu Leu Gly     Ala     #        140     -      Glu Pro Glu Pro Trp Glu Pro Trp - # His Ser Ile Ala Val Met Arg     Arg     #    160     -      Leu Gly Leu Leu Met Gly Ser Val - # Trp Phe Lys Leu Trp Arg Met     Leu     #   175     -      Ala Leu Pro Val Val Gly Ala Ala - # Asn Ala Leu Lys Leu Arg Tyr     Asp     #                190     -      Asp Gly Gly Gln Asp Leu Leu Cys - # Ile Pro Pro Gly Val Glu Ala     Glu     #            205     -      Arg Leu Glu Ala Asp Leu Ala Ala - # Leu Arg Pro Ala Val Asp Ala     Leu     #        220     -      Leu Lys Ala Met Gly Gly Asp Ala - # Ser Asp Ala Ala Gly Gly Gly     Ser     #    240     -      Asn Asn Trp Ala Val Ala Pro Gly - # Arg Thr Ala Thr Gly Arg Pro     Ile     #   255     -      Leu Ala Gly Asp Pro His Arg Val - # Phe Glu Ile Pro Gly Met Tyr     Ala     #                270     -      Gln His His Leu Ala Cys Asp Arg - # Phe Asp Met Ile Gly Leu Thr     Val     #            285     -      Pro Gly Val Pro Gly Phe Pro His - # Phe Ala His Asn Gly Lys Val     Ala     #        300     -      Tyr Cys Val Thr His Ala Phe Met - # Asp Ile His Asp Leu Tyr Leu     Glu     #    320     -      Gln Phe Ala Glu Asp Gly Arg Thr - # Ala Arg Phe Gly Asn Glu Phe     Glu     #   335     -      Pro Val Ala Trp Arg Arg Asp Arg - # Ile Ala Val Arg Gly Gly Ala     Asp     #                350     -      Arg Glu Phe Asp Ile Val Glu Thr - # Arg His Gly Pro Val Ile Ala     Gly     #            365     -      Asp Pro Leu Glu Gly Ala Ala Leu - # Thr Leu Arg Ser Val Gln Phe     Ala     #        380     -      Glu Thr Asp Leu Ser Phe Asp Cys - # Leu Thr Arg Met Pro Gly Ala     Ser     #    400     -      Thr Val Ala Gln Leu Tyr Asp Ala - # Thr Arg Gly Trp Gly Leu Ile     Asp     #   415     -      His Asn Leu Val Ala Gly Asp Val - # Ala Gly Ser Ile Gly His Leu     Val     #                430     -      Arg Ala Arg Val Pro Ser Arg Pro - # Arg Glu Asn Gly Trp Leu Pro     Val     #            445     -      Pro Gly Trp Ser Gly Glu His Glu - # Trp Arg Gly Trp Ile Pro His     Glu     #        460     -      Ala Met Pro Arg Val Ile Asp Pro - # Pro Gly Gly Leu Ile Val Thr     Ala     #    480     -      Asn Asn Arg Val Val Ala Asp Asp - # His Pro Asp Tyr Leu Cys Thr     Asp     #   495     -      Cys His Pro Pro Tyr Arg Ala Glu - # Arg Ile Met Glu Arg Leu Val     Ala     #                510     -      Ser Pro Ala Phe Ala Val Asp Asp - # Ala Ala Ala Ile His Ala Asp     Thr     #            525     -      Leu Ser Pro His Val Gly Leu Leu - # Arg Ala Arg Leu Glu Ala Leu     Gly     #        540     -      Ile Gln Gly Ser Leu Pro Ala Glu - # Glu Leu Arg Gln Thr Leu Ile     Ala     #    560     -      Trp Asp Gly Arg Met Asp Ala Gly - # Ser Gln Ala Ala Ser Ala Tyr     Asn     #   575     -      Ala Phe Arg Arg Ala Leu Thr Arg - # Leu Val Thr Ala Arg Ser Gly     Leu     #                590     -      Glu Gln Ala Ile Ala His Pro Phe - # Ala Ala Val Pro Pro Gly Val     Ser     #            605     -      Pro Gln Gly Gln Val Trp Trp Ala - # Val Pro Thr Leu Leu Arg Asn     Asp     #        620     -      Asp Ala Gly Met Leu Lys Gly Trp - # Ser Trp Asp Glu Ala Leu Ser     Glu     #    640     -      Ala Leu Ser Val Ala Thr Gln Asn - # Leu Thr Gly Arg Gly Trp Gly     Glu     #   655     -      Glu His Arg Pro Arg Phe Thr His - # Pro Leu Ser Ala Gln Phe Pro     Ala     #                670     -      Trp Ala Ala Leu Leu Asn Pro Val - # Ser Arg Pro Ile Gly Gly Asp     Gly     #            685     -      Asp Thr Val Leu Ala Asn Gly Leu - # Val Pro Ser Ala Gly Pro Glu     Ala     #        700     -      Thr Tyr Gly Ala Leu Ser Arg Tyr - # Val Phe Asp Val Gly Asn Trp     Asp     #    720     -      Asn Ser Arg Trp Val Val Phe His - # Gly Ala Ser Gly His Pro Ala     Ser     #   735     -      Pro His Tyr Ala Asp Gln Asn Ala - # Pro Trp Ser Asp Cys Ala Met     Val     #                750     -      Pro Met Leu Tyr Ser Trp Asp Arg - # Ile Ala Ala Glu Ala Val Thr     Ser     #            765     -      Gln Glu Leu Val Pro Ala              770     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 8:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 35 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #8:   (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     #       35         GATC TTCATAGTGC TTATC     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 9:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 11 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -    (iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     #9:   (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Ser Asn Leu Trp Ser Xaa Cys Pro - # Glu Cys Val     #   10     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 10:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 32 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -    (iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO     #10:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     #          32      SCTG CCCGGAGTGC GT     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 11:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 36 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #11:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     #       36         ACCG GGCGGCGTCC GCCTTG     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 12:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 54 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #12:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - CGGCCGATGC TCCTCGCCCC AGCCGCGCCC GGTCAGGTTC TGCGTCGCGA CG - #GA       54     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 13:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 5 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     #13:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Glu Gln Ser Ser Ser     #  5 1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 14:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 3 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: C-terminal     #14:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Gln Thr Ala          1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 15:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 3 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     #15:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Ser Asn Met          1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 16:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 7 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     #16:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Glu Gln Ser Ser Ser Glu Ile     #  5 1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 17:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 8 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: C-terminal     #17:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Asn Gln Gln Asn Ser Gln Thr Ala     #  5 1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 18:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 7 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     #18:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Ser Asn Met Trp Val Ile Gly     #  5 1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 19:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 8 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     #19:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Ala Ser Pro Pro Thr Glu Val Lys     #  5 1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 20:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 4 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: C-terminal     #20:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Thr Gln Thr Ala          1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 21:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 8 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     #21:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Ser Asn Met Trp Val Ile Gly Lys     #  5 1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 22:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 10 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     #22:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Gln Xaa Gln Xaa Val Glu Val Met - # Xaa Thr     #   10     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 23:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 11 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     #23:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Ser Asn Leu Trp Ser Thr Xaa Pro - # Glu Xaa Val     #   10     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 24:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 6 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     #24:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Thr Met Ala Ala Lys Thr     #  5 1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 25:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 5 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     #25:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Ser Asn Asn Trp Ala     #  5 1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 26:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 8 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     #26:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Glu Pro Thr Ser Thr Pro Gln Ala     #  5 1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 27:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 7 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     #27:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     -      Ser Asn Ser Xaa Ala Val Ala     #  5 1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 28:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 30 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #28:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     #           30     TGTT TCCCCTCTCA     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 29:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 27 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #29:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     #             27   TGAC GATGGCG     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 30:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 93 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #30:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - GCCCTGGCTG CGCGCCTGGG CCCAGCCATA GCCGTAGAAG GCTGAGGGCG CG - #TCTACGCC       60     #         93       CCGT AGCCGTCCCA CAG     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 31:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 84 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #31:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - CCAGACGGTC GTCTGTTCGT AATCCGGTCC CCAGTATTCG GCCCCCTTGC CC - #CGCGCTTC       60     #                84ATAT TGTC     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 32:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 84 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #32:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - GAATGCGTCG AGGTTGGCGC GGAAATCAGG CGACTGCTGC GCATACCACT GC - #TGAGCGCG       60     #                84GTCA GCAG     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 33:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 84 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #33:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - GGCGCCGGAA ACCGGCAGCA CCTGCCGCAC GTCGGGCGAG ATGTCGTCGG GG - #TTCTGCTG       60     #                84CCCG CTGC     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 34:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 84 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #34:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - CGGCGGGTCG CCCTCGCCCA GGGTGCGCCC GGGCGACGCG ACATAGAGGA AG - #TTCATCAG       60     #                84ACCA CGTC     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 35:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 60 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #35:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - GCCCAGGGTG CGGCCGGGCG ANNNNNNNNN NNNNNNGTTC ATCAGGCGGT GG - #GCGTGGGC       60     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 36:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 57 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #36:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - ATAGCCGTAG AAGGCTGAGG GNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNGATG TGCGGGACGC CG - #TAGCC       57     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 37:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 48 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #37:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     #                48NNGC CNNNGCCNNN GAANNNTGAG GGCGCGTC     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 38:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 75 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #38:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - ATAGTTGGTG GCCCCCACCA TGCCGTTAAC GGTATTGGTG ATGCCCATCC GC - #TGGTTGAA       60     #    75     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 39:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 75 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #39:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - CTCGGCCCGT TTGGGCGCCA CGCCGTTGAA GCTGTAGTTG ATGGTACCTT CG - #CGGTCGGC       60     #    75     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 40:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 84 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #40:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - ATTGGAATTC TGCACGAAGC CGCCCGGCGG ATTGGTGACG CGCGGCAGAT CG - #TCCAGCGG       60     #                84AGGT AACG     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 41:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 75 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #41:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - CAGCAGGCGC GCCGCCGCCT GGACCTCGGG ATCGGGATCG ATCAGGGCGG CC - #GGGATCAG       60     #    75     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 42:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 84 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #42:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - GTCGGCGCGC GACACGCGTT CGATCTGATC GCTGTAGTGC GTCGTGCCCG GG - #TGGCGAGA       60     #                84AGGC CATA     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 43:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 54 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #43:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - AAGGCGGTCC TGNNNNNNGA CNNNGCCNNN CGCNNNATAN NNATCGGCCT CG - #CC       54     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 44:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 54 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #44:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - CCAGAGCTTG AACCAGACGG ANNNNNNNNN NNNNNNCAGC CGCCGCATCA CG - #GC       54     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 45:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 54 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #45:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - CACCATCGCG CANNNGCTCC ANNNNNNATT CTGGTCGGCN NNGTGGGGGC TG - #GC       54     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 46:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 31 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #46:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     #          31      TGTC CCTTATTTTT A     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 47:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 54 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #47:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     - CAGACGGTCT TGNNNNNNCG CNNNACCNNN GCCNNNATAN NNGCCATAGT GG - #CT       54     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 48:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 51 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #48:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     #             51TCGGANN NNNNNNNNNN NNNGGAGCCC ACCCAGATCA T     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 49:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 27 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     #49:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     #             27   TCCT CTGGCAG     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 50:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 51 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (synthetic)     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     #50:  (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:     #             51TCAGANN NNNNNNNNNN NNNGGTGCCC ACAAATATCA T     __________________________________________________________________________ 

We claim:
 1. An isolated mutant microorganism Type II β-lactam acylase with altered substrate specificity, wherein said mutant acylase comprises:an amino acid substitution at one or more selected sites in said acylase corresponding to an amino acid position selected from the group consisting of residues 60-64 and 177-180 of SY-77 acylase so that altered substrate specificity as compared to a wild-type Type II β-lactam acylase from the same species is obtained.
 2. A method for acylation or deacylation of β-lactam said method comprising:contacting said β-lactam with a mutant Type II β-lactam acylase according to claim 1 under conditions suitable for said acylation or deacylation to occur.
 3. A β-lactam produced according to the method of claim
 2. 4. The isolated mutant β-lactam acylase according to claim 1, wherein said acylase is obtained from a member of the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Khiyvera citrophila, Alcaligenes faecalis, and Pseudomonas.
 5. The isolated mutant β-lactam arylase according to claim 1, wherein said acylase is obtained from Alcaligenes faecalis strain ATCC
 19018. 6. The isolated mutant β-lactam acylase according to claim 1, wherein said acylase is obtained from Pseudomonas SE-83 AcyII or SY-77.
 7. The isolated mutant β-lactam acylase according to claim 1, wherein said acylase has at least a mutation in one of more of the amino acid positions corresponding to 62, 177, 178 and 179 in Pseudomonas wild type SY-77.
 8. A microorganism host strain transformed with an expression vector comprising a DNA sequence encoding a mutant β-lactam acylase according to claim 1, wherein said host strain is a Cephalosporium or a Penicillium.
 9. An isolated mutant acylase according to claim 1, wherein said microorganism is a prokatyote.
 10. A vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the mutant acylase of claim
 1. 11. A host cell comprising the vector of claim
 10. 12. A host cell that produces the mutant acylase of claim
 1. 13. A method for obtaining a mutant acylase that comprises growing the host cell of claim 11 under conditions whereby said mutant acylase is produced.
 14. A method for obtaining a mutant acylase that comprises growing the host cell of claim 12 under conditions whereby said mutant acylase is produced.
 15. The method of claim 13 which further comprises isolating said mutant acylase.
 16. The method of claim 14 which further comprises isolating said mutant acylase.
 17. A method for obtaining a mutant microorganism Type II β-lactam acylase having an altered substrate specificity, said method comprising:effecting a mutation in a gene encoding a Type-II β-lactam acylase to produce a mutated gene coding for a mutant β-lactam acylase having an amino acid substitution at one or more selected sites in said acylase corresponding to an amino acid position selected from the group consisting of residues 60-64 and 177-180 of SY-77 acylase, and isolating said mutant β-lactam acylase expressed by said mutated gene, wherein said mutant β-lactam acylase exhibits a desired activity change as compared to a wild-type β-lactam acylase from the same species.
 18. A method for making a selected acylase mutant having a desired activity, said method comprising:isolating said selected acylase mutant from a culture broth or cell lysate of a microorganism host strain transformed with a gene encoding a mutant β-lactam acylase according to claim
 1. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein said mutant acylase has at least one desired activity change in substrate specificity in acylation or deacylation reactions as compared to a wild-type Type II β-lactam acylase from the same species.
 20. The method according to claim 17, wherein said gene encoding said acylase is obtained from a member of the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Kluyvera citrophila, Alcaligenes faecalis, and Pseudomonas.
 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the Alcaligenes faecalis strain is ATCC
 19018. 22. The method according to claim 20, wherein the Pseudomonas is SE-83 AcyII or SY-77.
 23. The method according to claim 17, wherein at least a mutation is effected in one or more of the positions corresponding to 62, 177, 178 and 179 in Pseudomonas SY-77.
 24. A method according to claim 17, wherein said microorganism is a prokaryote. 